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BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
BY
J Pror. EDUARD VON MARTENS, FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, Division of Moliaaies
1890-1901.
ut
Agsonian higaess, .
SAATHSON Any
JUL 21 1985
LIBRARIES.
CONTENTS. >
Page INTRODUCTION... ...... y Species Fruvratiuzs (con.). Errata et CorRIGENDA. . . 2°... XXVill GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIA. . . Bivatvia. Species TERRESTRES. Drei d reissenide. . . . . 2 GASTROPODA PULMONATA DIOICA. Unionjde Cyclophoride . . . . . . 1 Cyrenidee n Cyclostomide . . . . . . 12 Helicinide . . .. .. . 21 SPECIES SUBMARINE. GASTROPODA PULMONATA MONOICA. Auriculidee . STYLOMMATOPHORA. Tr uncatellidee . Oxygnatha . . . . . 104 <n a rs r fie Aulacognatha. 2. . 2. 126 eritina 7 B) ‘ Goniognatha. . . . . 179 Cyrenidee (Polymesoda) iz hi . oe wl we) BS Cylindrellidee 293 MaRinNE SPECIES LIVING at THE Movutus : 9 Stenogyride . . . . . 289 oF Rivers oR IN MANGROVE-SWAMPS. Pupide. . . . . . . 3825 , Elasmognatha 330 GASTROPODA RHACHIGLOSSA Arionide . . .. . . 3841 BivaLvia Limacide . . .. . . 3846 < Loy oe SUPPLEMENT . Veronicellide. . . . . 3850 BasOMMATOPHORA. EXPLANATION OF PLATES . 1 ad 9 Auriculide . . . . . 3d2 INDEX... ee bk ee ee Species FLUVIATILES. PLATES. GASTROPODA PULMONATA. Limneide . .... . - ddd
2
INTRODUCTION.
More than ten years ago, chiefly at the invitation of my friend Dr. P. L. Sclater, I undertook the task of compiling the Volume on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca for the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’ It is almost needless to say that the work has taken me much longer than I anticipated, notwithstanding the previous labours of P. Fischer and H. Crosse, H. Strebel, and myself on the Molluscan fauna of the same region. Many species obtained by our Editors, as well as others in the Berlin Museum, or sent to me by various friends and collectors, required further examination ; and when this Volume was commenced the ‘‘ Mollusques ” of the ‘ Mission Scientifique en Mexique et dans l’Amérique Centrale,’ and the ‘ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna mexikanischer Land- und Stisswasser-Conchylien,’ were only in course of publication. Official occupation, too, at the Berlin Museum took up nearly all my time, so that I could bestow very little more than my leisure hours on this work; but I have had at my disposal the rich collection of shells and the valuable library belonging to the ‘Museum fiir Naturkunde.”
The systematic arrangement of the Mexican and Central-American forms having been dealt with satisfactorily by the above-mentioned authors, my chief object has been to collate all the published papers, as well as various unpublished MS. notes, on the subject, in order to obtain a sound foundation for remarks on zoo-geographical distribution. For this purpose the known localities for each species have been grouped or arranged under different headings, chosen with regard to the political frontiers and the eastern and western slopes of the central portion of each country belonging to the region under investigation; the scheme adopted, it is true, has been slightly varied, or rather corrected, since the publication of the first portion of the work, but it will be, I think, easily understood in every case.
vl INTRODUCTION.
The general limits adopted for the whole fauna are the political frontier of Mexico in the north and of that of the State of Panama in the south, not on account of these being really natural, but because clearly-defined boundaries were needed. The Peninsula of California has been excluded by the Editors as not coming within the scope of their work, though its Molluscan fauna does not appear to be very different from that of N.W. Mexico; no new material from that region was, however, available for examination. The Tres Marias Islands, belonging politically to Mexico, are included, as well as Utila and Bonacca, in the Bay of Honduras. <A few forms from Cocos Island, situated between Panama and the Galapagos Is., and belonging politically to Costa Rica, are noticed, chiefly for the purpose of figuring two of H. Pittier’s novelties from that place, one of them being allied to a Nicaraguan form ;
its fauna, however, has, on the whole, a somewhat Polynesian character.
On the Plates, of which twenty-eight coloured and sixteen uncoloured have been required, I have endeavoured to figure not only the new species, but also those previously described that had not been satisfactorily illustrated before. The present Volume, with the above-mentioned works of Fischer and Crosse and Strebel, both indispensable to the student of the Mexican and Central-American Mollusca, will therefore include a figure of nearly all the known species of these regions. Moreover, I have in many cases given figures of the young state, or of individual variations,
chosen from a large number of specimens obtained at the same locality, to show the various forms of the same species.
The historical development of our knowledge of the Mexican and Central-American Mollusca having been. somewhat fully exposed by myself in the ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter, xii. pp. 1-4 (1865), and, at greater length, by Fischer and Crosse in the ** Mollusques ” of the ‘ Mission Scientifique en Mexique et dans Amérique Centrale,’ i. pp. 2-9, and ii. pp. 655, 656, I shall here confine myself to some remarks concerning
the travellers whose collections have chiefly contributed to my own work on the subject.
MEXICO.
FerpinanD Depp, a gardener of Berlin, accompanied, in 1824-25, Count von Sack
in his voyage to Mexico. He lived chiefly at Vera Cruz, Jalapa, and the City of
Mexico, and remained independently in the country until 1827. In the followine 5
year he went again to Mexico, with Dr. Chr. J. W. Schiede, for the purpose of collecting plants and other objects of natural history, returning to Berlin, after the
INTRODUCTION. vil
death of the latter, in 1837, by way of California and the Philippines. His memory has been preserved amongst botanists by the name Deppea, given to a genus of Rubiacezee by Chamisso and Schlechtendal. A number of land, freshwater, and sea-
shells collected by him are preserved in the Berlin Zoological Museum.
C. A. Unpe was Prussian Consular Agent at Matamoros, near the mouth of the Rio Grande del Norte, about 1830-45. His botanical and zoological collections, including some land and freshwater shells (among others, Holospira imbricata, which has not since been met with), and many marine ones, from both the east and west coasts of Mexico, were acquired in 1862 for the Berlin Museum. It was upon this material, together with the specimens obtained by Deppe, that my paper on the “Mexican Land and Freshwater Shells,” in Pfeiffer’s ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter,’ vii.
(1865), was based.
Professor F. LresmMany, friend of the well-known Danish Prof. Japetus Steenstrup, travelled in 1840 from Copenhagen to Vera Cruz and Papantia. He afterwards crossed the country to the Pacific coast, and returned to Europe in 1843, as I have been informed by Dr. E. Warming, of Copenhagen. Specimens of land and fresh- water shells collected by him found their way into various private collections, as, for instance, those of Dr. L. Pfeiffer and Dr. R. A. Philippi, of Cassel, who described them in their works ‘ Monographia Heliceorum’ and ‘ Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Conchylien,’ and also into that of Prof. Dunker, of Marburg, whose Mollusca
have now been acquired for the Berlin Museum.
Car. PirscHen, Prussian Secretary of Legation, explored the Volcanoes of Mexico in 1853-54 ; and afterwards accompanied the Prussian Expedition to Eastern Asia, in 1859-62. He was honourably mentioned by A. v. Humboldt, in ‘ Kosmos,’ iv. pp. 428, 566, &c., and is the author of an instructive paper on the Mexican volcanoes in the ‘ Zeitschrift fiir allgemeine Erdkunde,’ vi. (1856). The Berlin Museum is indebted to him for an interesting species of Otostomus, found at Manzanillo, on the
Pacific coast.
Dr. Kart Hermann Berenpt, born at Danzig in 1817, left his country in 1851 on account of the political troubles of 1848. He lived for some time in Nicaragua (1853), the city of Mexico, Orizaba, and, finally (1855-62), in Vera Cruz, practising as a doctor. Here he met with the merchant HERMANN STREBEL, who was born in 1834 at Hamburg, and represented his father’s firm in the city of Mexico in 1849-52, and
vill INTRODUCTION.
subsequently (1853) at Vera Cruz. The younger man thus became interested in scientific pursuits. The chief field of their common researches was, however, not the city of Vera Cruz, in the hot coast-region, but the sugar-plantation of ‘* Mirador” (look-out) of Mr. Sarrortus, near Huatusco (between Orizaba and Jalapa), in the temperate region (tierra templada). The first novelties among the Mexican land- shells sent to Europe by Dr. Berendt were described by Dr. Pfeiffer in his ‘ Malako- zoologische Blatter’ for 1861 and 1862, among which were Cyclotus berendti, Helicina berendti, Helix berendti, and others; also Helix hermanni (p. 128) was named after him. STREBEL was afterwards assisted in his conchological researches by the family Sauas, to the members of which he dedicated his genus Sa/asiella, as well as S. joaquine and Glandina estefanie ; his own name is perpetuated in that of the genus Strebelia, Crosse. The unsettled state of affairs preceding the French-Mexican war rendered this scientific activity more difficult, but was the cause of the visit of the Prussian ship ‘ Gefion,’ the doctor of which, Dr. Cart FRIEDEL, brought home some shells from Vera Cruz, these afterwards coming into my hands. Dr. Berendt finally departed from Vera Cruz in 1862 for the Provinces of Campeche and Tabasco, and devoted himself almost entirely to ethnological researches till he died in 1878, in the city of Guatemala (see his biography in the ‘ Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society’ for April 1879, and in the German Geographical Journal ‘ Globus,’ lix. no. 22). Strebel left Vera Cruz in 1867, and returned to Hamburg, where he still resides as chief of a merchant house and promoter of scientific interests among his fellow citizens. He published there, in 1873-82, five quarto volumes entitled ‘ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna mexikanischer Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien,’ containing very accurate descriptions and excellent figures of about 263 species; the numerous anatomical notes in them were contributed by Dr. Gzor@ Prerrer. The shells collected by Strebel were given by him to the “‘ Hamburg Museum of Natural
History,” and I have had occasion to examine many of them while studying the
Mollusca for the ‘ Biologia Centrali-A mericana.’
H. Hoge collected land-shells principally in the States of Chihuahua, Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Oaxaca, in 1879 and 1880; H. H. Smita in Central, Eastern, and South-eastern Mexico, in 1887-1889; W. Ricuarpson in North-western Mexico, in 1889 ; and G. F. Gaumer in the Island of Bonacca, off the coast of Yucatan. The shells obtained by these four travellers were handed to me for examination by the
Editors of this work, together with those found by F. D. Godman in Eastern Mexico and Yucatan in 1887-88.
INTRODUCTION. 1x
During recent years additions to the Mexican land and freshwater shells have been contributed by several North-American travellers, see Pilsbry in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1891, p. 310, 1892, pp. 153, 338, and 1899, p. 391; and Dall, in the ‘ Proceedings of the United States National Museum,’ xviii. (1895) p. 1, and xix. (1896) p. 333.
GUATEMALA.
The first collector of land and freshwater shells in Guatemala and the adjacent regions was ArtuuR More et, born at Dijon, France, in 1809, who travelled, mostly on foot, in 1847, in Yucatan, Tabasco, Vera Paz, and Guatemala, visiting the ancient ruins of Palenque and the Lake of Itzd (see A. Morelet, ‘ Voyage dans l’Amérique Centrale,’ 1857, in two volumes, 8yvo, and the obituary notice of him by H. Drouet, Dijon, 1893). He published two papers, containing descriptions of new species, under the title ‘Testacea Novissima,’ 1849 and 1851, including also Cuban forms. I am indebted to him for the opportunity of seeing and examining some of them, chiefly the smaller-sized critical species of Streptostyla, Helix, Hyalinia, and Guppya. After his death, on Oct. 9th, 1893, the whole collection passed into the possession of the British Museum, when E. Smith was kind enough to compare some of his freshwater types on behalf of this work.
Ospert SaLvin, M.A., F.Z.S., collected land and freshwater shells in Guatemala in 1857, and again in 1861-62. A list of those found by him was given by Canon H. B. Tristram in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 1861, pp. 229-233, 1863, pp. 411-413, seventy-nine species being enumerated altogether. In the second part of this paper it is stated that most of the species mentioned in the first list were found in the immediate neighbourhood of Duefias, near Antigua (S.W. Guatemala), and that those enumerated in the second list were chiefly from the district of Vera Paz and the Lake of Peten (N. Guatemala). Subsequently, Salvin sent me a number of Guatemalan shells for determination, and I gave a (third) list of them in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1875, pp. 645-647, thirty-two species being noticed. Through his kindness I have also had the opportunity of examining many of
the types of those described by Canon Tristram.
Dr. Orto Stout, of Ziirich, Switzerland, travelled in Guatemala in the years 1878-83. He has written an interesting work entitled ‘Guatemala, Reisen und Schilderungen’
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. b
x INTRODUCTION.
(Leipzig, 1886), in which remarks on the land and freshwater Mollusca of various localities are to be found, pp. 47 (Lake of Amatitlan), 53 (City of Guatemala), 63 (Cerro Quemado), 198, 199 (district Cholhuitz), 461 (Izabal), and 472 (Livingston). The ninety-three shells he collected, kindly entrusted to me for determination, form an essential and important part of the material available for this work. Some of them I had previously described in ‘Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin,’ 1886, p. 161, and 1887, p. 106. The drawings of the living animal made by him have been reproduced on our Plates ; fortunately, we are enabled
to represent nearly all the more important genera in this manner.
Grorce C. Cuampion collected in Guatemala, in 1879-81, chiefly in Vera Paz, where also ConrADT obtained a number of shells, some of these latter having been acquired by the Editors of the present work and others by the Berlin Museum.
HONDURAS.
The land-shells collected in Honduras by Dyson were described by Dr. Pfeiffer in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 1846 and 1851, some of them subsequently finding their way into the more important German collections. Others obtained by the Swedish pharmacist Justus Hsatmarson, about 1858, were
partly dealt with by Dunker in the same year, these being now in the Berlin Museum.
The Island of Utila has been malacologically explored by Mr. Cuarues T. Simpson : see Ancey, in the ‘ Annales de Malacologie,’ i. p. 237 (1886).
NICARAGUA.
Various land-shells from Nicaragua, principally from the neighbourhood of Realejos, and found by H. Cumine in 1827, have been recorded, and specimens from this country are to be found in the principal collections. Several interesting Unionide from the Lake of Nicaragua were described in 1847 and 1848, in the ‘Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, by R. A. Philippi, who received them from the French collector Lar@inLiert (the original specimens seem to have been lost), and others, in 1868, by Isaac Lea, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, these latter having been obtained from the botanist Bripeus (see Lea, Observ. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 56). Dr. A. S. Girsrep obtained three species of land and five of freshwater shells in Nicaragua, which were described by Dr. Mérch in
INTRODUCTION. ml
the ‘Malakozoologische Blatter,’ vii. (1861); the types of these are in the Museum of Copenhagen, and I have been enabled to examine and figure one of them, thanks to the kindness of Prof. Rud. Bergh. A more complete list of Nicaraguan shells, including thirty-three terrestrial and eighteen freshwater species, with detailed observations on their occurrence and habits, from his own observation, has been given by Ralph Tate in the ‘American Journal of Conchology, v. pp. 151-162 (1869-70). Some others, collected by T. Brett, in November 1877 and December 1879, and by E. Janson, between 1870-80, were contained among the shells sent to me for examination by the Editors of this work.
COSTA RICA.
Very little was known about the land and freshwater shells of Costa Rica previous to the researches of the late W. N. Gabb, who enumerated forty-four species from that country in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 1879. Three German naturalists had, however, thoreughly explored many portions of Costa Rica, between 1853-66, but they paid no particular attention to the Mollusca: Moritz WaGNer, in 1853-54 (see ‘Die Republik Costarica, 1856); Dr. A. von Frantzius, in 1854-66 [see ‘ Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin,’ iii. p. 289 (1868), ‘Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, xxxv. (1869), and ‘Journal fiir Ornithologie, xvii. (1869)]; and Cart von Srepacu, Geologist, in 1864-65. To Moritz Wagner we are indebted for the very characteristic Helix costaricensis. ‘The Berlin Museum received in 1856 a number of shells, including a few land and fresh- water forms, collected by Dr. Cant Horrmany, a companion of v. Frantzius, who died in 1859, in Punta Arenas; in later times a few others were bequeathed to that institution by v. SeeBAcH ; and still more recently various land-shells, obtained in the interior of Costa Rica by Junius CarMion and van Parren, both residents at San José, in 1864 and 1868 [see ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter,’ xv. (1868)|, have been added. In 1861 Dr. Morch published descriptions of one terrestrial, one freshwater, and eight submarine species, found by Dr. A. S. GirstED on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (see ‘Malakozoologische Blatter,’ vi. and vii.). In 1878 A. Boucard described seven new species of Costa Rican land-shells in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for that year.
Among the shells sent to me for examination by our Editors, in 1888, there were a
few specimens collected by H. Rogzrs in Costa Rica. b2
xil INTRODUCTION.
During recent years, however, shortly after having commenced the publication of this work, I have from time to time received for determination specimens of Costa Rican land and freshwater shells from Henry Pirrrer and Pierre BIoLiey, both residents in San José. These men have paid remarkable care and attention to the Mollusca, even to the very minute forms, and they have succeeded in rendering the conchological fauna of this country one of the best known within Central America. H. Pittier, first employed at the observatory in San José, and subsequently appointed a member of the Physical and Geographical Institute of that republic, commenced to send me shells in 1890, and then nearly every year afterwards, until the unexpected suppression of that Institute in January 1899, due to change of government. P. Biolley, of Neufchatel, Professor and at present Assistant Naturalist at the Museo Nacional of Costa Rica, since 1891 resident in that country, sent his shells to his old teacher P. Godet, Director of the Natural History Museum at Neufchatel, from whom I had most of them for determination and comparison. He has written a small pamphlet entitled ‘ Moluscos terrestres y fluviatiles de la Meseta Central de Costa Rica’
(San José, 1897), in which fifty-nine species are enumerated.
PANAMA.
Up to the present time nothing but a few stray notes on the land and freshwater Mollusca of the State of Panama have been published, the earliest being those relating to H. Cuming’s collections, made in 1827 and the following years. The marine and submarine shells have, on the contrary, been thoroughly investigated by C. B. Adams [see ‘ Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,’ v. (1852), and also Carpenter’s work], who has given a special list of those collected by himself, with accurate particulars of the localities of each species. The submarine Mollusca, therefore, of the shores of the Bay of Panama are better known than those of any other place in Central America or Mexico, either on the Pacific or the Atlantic
coast.
A few shells obtained in Veraguas by Warscewicz, about 1856, are preserved in the Berlin Museum. |
For the knowledge of some additional terrestrial forms I am indebted to G. C. CuamPion, who collected in Chiriqui, in 1881-83.
INTRODUCTION.
"TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA.
xiit
Geographical Distribution of the Species in Mexico and Central America.
GUATEMALA Honpuras Mexico. (with Tabasco, Chiapas, AND NICARAGUA. Costa Rica. Panama. and Yucatan). SALVADOR. | N.W.) Centr./S.W.| E. | Tabasco, | Yucatan. | N. | Centr.|S.W.] W. | E. Centr.| N.E.] W. |Centr.| E. | S.* | N. Chiapas. and H. and E (W.)) (£.) Motus). beryl PoP |? : ; aye ; Cyclophorus (Am- |< phicyclophorus). t 3 I | 2 l ! -(Cyrtotoma) .. 2 Tomocyclus ...... + 2 3 Choanopoma ...... 1] .. 1 a 2 Chondropoma...... 1 3 1 6 1 - 5 Diplommatina...... we fee fae a .. 1 Helicina .......... 4 2 | 14 5 3 5 9 3 9 1] 3) 2.15 1 1 Schasichila......... 1 2 1 1 Proserpina ........ 1 3 Strebelia.......... .. a .. | l Glandina ........ ) 6 13 | 24 4 2 8 2 4 2 1 1 3,7 1 1 Salasiella ........ .. 1 1 1 a .. .. 1 Streptostyla ...... 1 2 | 21 10 3 11) 4 2 3 1 1 | 7 6 1 Omphalina ........ 3 9 2 2 a a .. . | dL 1 Hyalinia.......... . 2) 3 - 2 2 1 . 1 2 | 6 + Guppya .......... 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 | 4 3 Pseudohyalina - 3 2 1 1 1 2 Patula et Microconus.| 2 .. .. 1 a a 1 1 a 1 Thysanophora...... 1 1/3 1 1 2 _ 1 Acanthinula ..... 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Vallonia .......... we fee .. a 1 Trichodiscina ...... 3.) 2 2 1 / 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Averellia.......... .. .. a .. a .. 1 1 Praticolella ...... 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 Arionta? ....... 2 .. 1 1 Pomatia .......... 1 Tysinoé ..........- 1 7 1 2 1 2471 Oxychona (costar } 2 l l 1 l l 9 censiS)......-. Solaropsis ......-- .. a we fee . .. 1? .e 1 Polygyra.......+-- 8 5 6 | 7 4 1 Le 1 Strobila ........-- 1 1 Labyrinthus ....-. a .. we fae .. a an e 1 1 2 1 Ortalichus .......- 3 2 6 | 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 4 3 - Lf ek 2 Otostomus .....--. 6 12 | 7 | 12 5 4 10 | 5 6 1 1 5 .. | 6 11 6] 4 Bulimulus ........ 1 2 2 | 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 Rhabdotus ........ .. 1 N.E Globulinus ........ 1 Peronseus ......-. 1 Leptomerus........ 1 | 2 3 1 2); 1 | 2 2 1 }1q71)1)i147 2 Simpulopsis ...... we fee fee 1 1. Encalodium ...... 3 4/5 7 4 Coelocentrum ...... 1 1 | 3 4 3 1 2
* «§” corresponds to the W. (Pacific) slope and “N.” to the E. (Atlantic) slope of Central America, as a whole.
xiv INTRODUCTION.
TERRESTRIAL MoLiuscaA.— Geographical Distribution (continued).
GUATEMALA Hownpuras Mexico. (with Tabasco, Chiapas, AND NICARAGUA. Costa Rica.
and Yucatan). SALVADOR,
Panama,
Chiapas. and EH. and EB.
N.W.) Centr. |S.W.} E. | Taba 0, Yucatan. | N. | Centr.|S.W.] W. | E. | W. | Centr.) N.E.] W. |Centr.| E.
Holospira ........ 2 5) 2) 4 Epirobia .......... ae fou. | we | 2 2 1. 4 1 Cylindrella ........ .. Macroceramus ....| .. 1 .. Opeas .......-.06- Le 3 2 Subulina.......... Le .s Pseudosubulina .. Spiraxis ........6. - a _ Tornaxis .......... .e .. a es .- .. 1 Leptinaria ........ .. a .. | 2 1 a .. _ Tornatellina ...... .. .. oe | ee Le a .. _ an re 1 Melaniella ........ .. a we |e Cecilianella ...... .. . . | 1 Oryzosoma ........ - Pupa ...sseeeeees 2 Pupoides.......... 1 Succinea.......... 1 Xanthonyx, | Cryptostracon.. | Ariolimax ........ Philomycus ...... Limacide ........ . .e .. | Veronicella........ . .e 1 | Carychium ...... Le
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The chief zoo-geographical interest in the land and freshwater Mollusca of the region under investigation lies in the intermingling of the North and South-American forms within its limits (rather than in the endemic species), and the relationship of the fauna to that of the West-Indian Islands, and also of that of the two slopes, the Atlantic and the Pacific, the one to the other.
The most characteristic genera of land-shells inhabiting Mexico and Central America, or those including the greatest number of species, are Helicina, Glandina, Streptostyla, Polygyra, Ortalichus, Otostomus, Eucalodium (with the nearly allied
Celocentrum), and Holospira (including Epirodia). Each of these has a somewhat different distribution.
HELIcINA is very rich in species in the West Indies, moderately so in South America,
INTRODUCTION. XV
where it extends, however, to the southernmost part of Brazil; a few forms occur in North America, the genus reaching to Georgia and ‘Tennessee.
GLANDINA has its headquarters in Mexico and Central America, extending not quite so far southward, and a little further northward, than Helicina; it is repre- sented in the West-Indian Islands by the somewhat different groups of Varicella and Oleacina, s. str.
STREPTOSTYLA is almost peculiar to Southern Mexico and Central America, having one species only, so far as at present known, in the more northern parts of Mexico, viz. S. novoleonis, very few in the northern parts of South America, and some not very characteristic forms in the West-Indian Islands.
PotyGyra is North American as well as Mexican, and does not extend southward beyond Honduras. In the West Indies it seems to be confined to the larger islands of Cuba and Jamaica (P. paludosa). In North America most of the species are restricted to the Southern United States, a few extending to the Cumberland subregion (Tennessee and Kentucky), one, P. leporina, to Illinois and Indiana.
ORTALICHUS is almost equally well represented in Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, and the northern part of South America, extending southward to about as far as the Amazon valley *. It is wanting in North America, except in the southern part of Florida, which belongs more properly to the West- Indian region.
Orostomus (= Goniognathmus, Crosse, nec Bulimulus = Orthotomium) is mainly South American, extending to Southern Brazil and the Argentine Republic (0. papyraceus) ; but it is also well represented in Central America and Mexico, becoming less numerous in species in the West-Indian Islands, and wanting altogether in the United States.
EycaLopium and Ca@LOcENTRUM are peculiar to Central America or the southern parts of Mexico, but they do not extend south of Guatemala, and are therefore absent from the South-American continent.
Ho nosrira, with Epirobia, is also almost peculiar to Mexico and the northern half of Central America: Holospira, s. sty., extends as far north as Texas and
* The Berlin Museum has received specimens of 0. phlogerus, d’Orb., from Dr. von Steinen, from the upper affluents of the Rio Xingu, where they are used by the Bakairi Indians as ornaments; and also some of O. pulchellus, Spix, from the collector Rohde, from the banks of the Rio Mondego, in Matto Grosso.
Xvl INTRODUCTION.
Arizona, but is wanting in Guatemala; Hpirobia inhabits the southern part of Eastern Mexico (State of Vera Cruz), extending southward to Kastern
Guatemala *.
Amongst the genera common to Central and South America and the West-Indian Islands, and absent from North America (with the exception of Chondropoma, which occurs in Florida), are Oyclotus (Neocyclotus), Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus), Chondro- poma, and Cistula. Labyrinthus is peculiar to the southern part of Central America (from Nicaragua southward) and the northern half of South America. The species enumerated under the subgeneric names Praticolella, Lysinoé, and Oxychona are characteristic of several parts of Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica; but their natural affinities have not yet been made out sufficiently well to show whether they bear any relationship to the fauna of Western North America or to that of the Andes of the southern continent. Opeas is circumtropical, and Succinea has a world-wide
distribution.
As regards the smaller forms, and those which are without external shell, it must be borne in mind that their distribution in Mexico and Central America, so far as at present known, shows the results of collecting in particular localities rather than true zoo-geographical data. The most fully explored district is, without doubt, the State of Vera Cruz (E. Mexico, of our Tables); then follows Guatemala, Costa Rica, Chiapas and Tabasco, Central Mexico and Mazatlan (N.W. Mexico), and the region bordering the United States frontier; the least-known districts are Salvador and the
State of Panama.
The more characteristic genera and subgenera of the land-shells may be erouped
together to show their geographical relationship in the following manner :—
A. Essentially Mexican and Central-American. a. Not extending to the greater part of North nor to South America. aa. Not represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Tomocyclus, southward to Honduras; Streptostyla; Trichodiscina, southward to Costa Rica ; Praticolella, from Arkansas and Texas to Costa Rica; the group of Helix costaricensis
* It has been recorded from Venezuela, but this statement requires confirmation.
INTRODUCTION. XVli
(subgen. Oxychona, infra); Eucalodium and Celocentrum, southward to Guatemala; Holo- spira, from Arizona and Texas to South-west Mexico and Yucatan; Pseudosubulina ;
Xanthonyx, from Misantla to Chiapas.
bb. Represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Macroceramus (Guatemala).
&. Extending into the greater part of North and South America. Glandina, Lysinoé (as restricted in this work): both absent from the West-Indian Islands.
B. Essentially West-Indian.
Choanopoma, with Adamsiella, scarcely extending to South America, absent from North America ; Chondropoma, with Cistula, extending to South America, absent from North America; Helicina, extending a little north of the Mexican frontier and still further in South America ; Spiraxis.
C. Prevailing North-American.
a. Scarcely represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Omphalina, southward to Guatemala; Polygyra, southward to Honduras; Pupa, with Vertigo and Leucochilus, southward to Nicaragua and (subgen. Leucochilus) to Panama (somewhat cosmo-
politan) ; Pupoides, southward no farther than Central Mexico.
b. Not represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Strobila, southward to North Guatemala; Rhadbdotus (group of Bulimulus dealbatus), southward to
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
D. Prevailing South-American. a. Represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Cyclotus (Neocyclotus) ; Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) ; Ortalichus; Otostomus; Bulimulus, subgen.
Leptomerus ; Simpulopsis ; Leptinaria.
b. Essentially South-American, and not represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Labyrinthus, to as far north as Costa Rica; Solaropsis, to as far north as N. Guatemala.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. C
XVili
Geographical Distribution of the Species in Mexico and Central America.
INTRODUCTION.
FRESHWATER MOLULUSCA.
Mexico
(with Tabasco, Chiapas,
GUATEMALA
Yucatan, and British Honduras).
HonpDvuras
AND
SALVADOR.
NICARAGUA.
Costa Rica.
PANAMA,
Centr.
Physa,
a. Aplecta ........
b. Stenophysa
c. Alampetis Limnea ............ Planorbis. . Helisoma........ . Menetus . Gyraulus . Spiralina . Taphius ........ . Hippeutis g. Planorbula Ancylus ............ Gundlachia Ampullaria..........
subgen. Ceratodes Vivipara Valvata Cochliopa Amnicola Tryonia ............ Pachychilus.
a. Glyptomelania
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b. Pachychilus, s. str..
c. Oxymelania
Semisinus Neritina. a. Alina ......-... b. Neritzea Unio.
a. Crenodonta Psoronaias ...... . Arotonaias ...... . Pleurobema...... . Sphenonaias Nephronaias . Simonaias . Lampsilis Elliptio ........ . Uniomerus
l. Metaptera Anodonta. | fa. Anodonta, s. str... (|e. Patularia........
ae ce nreereee
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Yucatan, Belize.
22
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Centr. and EH.
N.E.
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INTRODUCTION. xix Fresawater Mo.ivsca.— Geographical Distribution (continued). GUATEMALA . 1 . Honpuras Mexico. (with abasco, Chiapas, AND NICARAGUA. Costa Rica} Panama. Yucatan, and SALVADOR. British Honduras), W. | Centr. E. N. | Yucatan, ls. w. W. HE Centr. | N.E.| W. 8. N. Belize. | (W.) and E. (W.) | (E.) Anodonta (cont.). ( d. Scolianodon . .. 1 | e. Euryanodon 2 1 < f. Glabaris ........ _ 2 | g. Pseudoleila ...... 1 (hk. Pachyanodon .. 1 1 1 1? Mycetopus .......... 7 1 1 Polymesoda. a. Polymesoda, s. str.| 2 1(2?) 2 1 1 - 1 b, Egeta .......... 1 . 1? 1? Neocorbicula ........ 1 Spherium .......... 1 2 1(2?)] 1 .. 1 Hupera ............ . .. .. 1 .e 1 1 Pisidium .......... 1 1 1 1
FRESHWATER SHELLS CHARACTERISTIC OF Mexico AND CENTRAL AMERICA.
Physa, sabgen. Aplecta, the species of larger size, ranging from Mexico to Peru.
Cochliopa, from LNiSenta to Costa Rica.
Pachychilus, with its four subgenera: Glyptomelania and Pachychilus, s. str., ranging trom Mexico to the northern part of South America, but absent from the West-Indian Islands; Oxymelania and Potamanaz, not reaching southward beyond N. Guatemala, but represented also in Cuba.
Unio, subgen. Psoronaias, inhabiting South-eastern Mexico and Northern Guate- mala.
The subgenera Arotonaias of Unio and Scolianodon of Anodonta are almost
exclusively confined to the Lakes of Nicaragua and Managua.
FRESHWATER SHELLS sHowiInG A Nearctic AFFINITY.
The majority of the Limneide, chiefly the subgenus Alampetis of Physa, the subgenera Helisoma, Gyraulus, and Planorbula of Planorbis, and the species of Limnewa. All these are, so far as at present known, more abundant in Mexico and Guatemala than in Nicaragua or Costa Rica; Gyraulus, Planorbula, and Limnea extend, however, to the State of Panama.
The somewhat doubtful Vivipara and the only Valvata, but limited to Mexico.
c2
XX INTRODUCTION.
Tryonia, of the Lake of Peten, the other species of this genus being Californian.
Unio, generally, as distinct from the South-American Diplodon (in the sense of y. Ihering and Simpson), more especially the subdivisions Crenodonta, Lampsilis, Elliptio, and Metaptera. The genus is much better represented in Mexico and Guatemala than in the more southern countries ; of the subdivisions mentioned, Elliptio only is represented in Nicaragua and in Panama, and by a single species, no Unio being known from Costa Rica.
Anodonta, in the more restricted sense, and Patularia, both reaching no farther south than N. Guatemala and Yucatan.
It is very remarkable, however, that the family Strepomatide (Pleuroceridz), so widely distributed in North America, from Lake Winnipeg and Montreal to Florida and Texas, and occurring also in California, has no known representative within our limits, not even in the northern parts of Mexico, Pachychilus schiedeanus having been proved by Troschel’s examination of the radula to be a Pachychilus and not a Gontobasis.
FRESHWATER SHELLS SHOWING A SOUTH-AMERICAN AND ANTILLEAN AFFINITY.
The subgenera Menetus and Spiralina of Planorbis, and the subgenus Stenophysa of Physa, each of which is well represented in the West-Indian Islands and on the continent of South America, all three ranging from Mexico to Nicaragua, the last even to Panama.
Ampullaria, including the subgenus Ceratodes. Ampullaria, s. str., 1s represented in the Southern States of North America ( Georgia and Florida) by one species only. Within our limits it seems to be absent from the elevated tableland of Central Mexico, ranging from the southern parts of Mexico to Panama. In Guatemala and Honduras the species are numerous and very little inferior in size to those of the continent of South America, whereas the genus is somewhat poorly represented in the West-Indian Islands. Ceratodes belongs essentially to the South-American continent, exceeding its limits only in the adjacent islands of Tobago and Trinidad, and in Costa Rica, if the latter record is reliable (cf. p. 425).
Semisinus, a Caribbean and South-American genus, extending within our limits
from N. Guatemala to Costa Rica.
Neritina, subgenus Nerite@a, including also Caribbean and South-American forms,
INTRODUCTION, XXxl
extends from Mexico to Nicaragua, but is absent from the elevated tableland of Central Mexico *. Glabaris (as understood by Simpson), or the Anodonta with deep triangular sinulus (p. 525), a genus extending within our limits from S.E. Mexico to Panama. Mycetopus, a genus extending as far north as S. Guatemala.
Eupera, a genus extending as far north as Yucatan.
There are scarcely any Mexican or Central-American species more nearly allied to the West-Indian forms than to those of South America, probably because in all islands, unless they are of very large extent (such as Madagascar, Borneo, and Australia), the freshwater fauna is generally poor, We may mention the great resemblance of Unio yzabalensis, of Eastern Guatemala and Honduras, to the Cuban U. scamnatus. Amnicola coronata is widely spread in the West-Indian Islands, and also in Central America from Vera Cruz to Nicaragua, but on the continent of South America it is confined to Colombia and Venezuela. Menetus, Spiralina, and Stenophysa are equally characteristic of the freshwater fauna of the West-Indian Islands, and Gundlachia also
inhabits Cuba, California, and the Potomac.
From the above analysis it is clear that the Terrestrial and Freshwater Mollusca of Mexico and Central America, as a whole, are not altogether peculiar, neither can they be termed North-American nor South-American ; and as regards their relationship with the West-Indian fauna, no definite conclusion can be arrived at. But if one or two genera only are taken into consideration, it would be easy to suggest an affinity with
the fauna of any of these main regions.
On referring to a map, we find that the long stretch of country included within the scope of this work is narrowed in several places, so as to form four large tracts of land,
as well as a small additional piece :—
1. Mexico generally, to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, broadly connected with the United States from the head of the Gulf of California to the mouth of the Rio Grande del Norte. Here, of course, the resemblance to the North-American fauna is the greatest, the species obtained in the districts explored by the ‘ Boundary Commission ”—Sonora, Arizona, Chihuahua, and New Mexico—being almost identical ;
* On pages 472, &c., I have placed the locality Sayula urder the head of Central Mexico, but it would perhaps be more correctly assigned to S.W. Mexico.
Xxil INTRODUCTION.
and the same remark applies to the Mollusca of the States of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, as compared with those of Texas. Streptostyla novoleonis is the first species to appear of the bright tropical fauna of Central America, and at Mazatlan an Ortalichus is a conspicuous land-snail. On the elevated tableland of Central Mexico the somewhat northern Polygyra, Holospira, and Helix humboldtiana are associated with the subtropical Glandina and the more tropical Otostomus and Hucalodium ; and in the State of Vera Cruz, not only in its hot lowlands, but also in the temperate hill- region of Jalapa, Mirador, Cordova, and Orizaba, the Molluscan fauna approaches still nearer to that of Central America*. Among the freshwater shells, Alampetis, Oxymelania, and Potamanax may be named as rather characteristic. Vivipara and Valvata are North-American forms not reaching farther south than Mexico. Among the Bivalves, Anodonte of South-American affinity (Huryanodon and Pachyanodon) make their first appearance in the southern part of Mexico, both east and west.
2. GUATEMALA, with Tapasco and CuHIApas (S.E. Mexico in our Tables), Yucatan, and Betize (British Honduras), from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the constriction between Istapa and the Golfo Dulce. This tract of land possesses the most typical Central-American forms: several Cyclophoride and Cyclostomide, Tomocyclus, Helicina, and Glandina in moderate numbers, many Streptostyle, and a few Omphaline; Trichodiscina and Praticolella are still present, Lysinoé is comparatively rich, and the group of Helix costaricensis is already represented by H. trigonostoma with its many varieties; Polygyra inhabits the lower districts of the Usumacinta, and Holospira is to be found in Yucatan; Ortalichus, well-developed Otostomus, Eucalodiuwm, and Celo- centrum are richer here than elsewhere; Lpirobia, Macroceramus, Pseudosubulina, and Leptinaria, each with several species; and Simpulopsis takes the place of the exclusively Mexican Xanthonyx. The characteristic Mexican forms are still visible, as are also most of the prevailing West-Indian and South-American ones. Among the freshwater shells numerous species of Unio of North-American affinities are present, but the large-sized Ampullarie and Pachychili give a tropical character to the
whole.
3. Honpuras, Satvapor, Nicaragua, and Mosquito Coast, from the re-entering
* Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 673) were therefore justified in uniting the whole Atlantic slope of Mexico, from Tamaulipas in the north, with Yucatan, British Honduras, and Guatemala,
into one geographical subregion.
INTRODUCTION. XXill
angle of the Gulf of Honduras with the Golfo Dulce to the depression of the Lake of Nicaragua. Here a comparative impoverishment of the fauna commences: Eucalodium, Celocentrum, and Omphalina are absent; Polygyra is represented by one species only ; and the Cyclophoride, Glandina, Streptostyla, and Ortalichus diminish in number. Among the freshwater shells, the species of Unio are fewer in number and of smaller size; the true Anodonte of northern affinity have disappeared; and the subgenus Arotonaias is nearly, and Scolianodon quite, peculiar to the basin of the Lake of Nicaragua.
4. Costa Rica, with Curriqur and Vreracuas, from the depression of Nicaragua to the Isthmus of Panama. The general features are about the same as in no. 3, but the number of known species is greater, for which we are indebted to the recent exertions of H. Pittier and P. Biolley; but the increase consists chiefly in small-sized repre- sentatives of more widely-distributed genera. ‘The impoverishment of conspicuous and characteristic forms still continues: the Cyclostomide and Tonocyclus are apparently absent, and Polygyra also; Helix ghiesbreghti is replaced by the group of H. costari- censis, including three species; the Cyclophoride, Glandina, Streptostyla, Trichodiscina, Ortalichus, and Bulimulus are well-represented; and new strictly South-American forms, like Labyrinthus and Solaropsis, make their appearance. Trichodiscina and the eroup of Helix costaricensis are the only subgenera which are not to be found in any part of South America. The total absence of Unionide in Costa Rica, if real and not simply due to imperfect research, may be attributed to the absence of large slowly-
flowing rivers and great lakes.
5. The small portion of the Stare or Panama east of the Isthmus. This region seems to have a fauna like that of the northern part of the South-American continent. I should have preferred the Isthmus as a limit in my Tables and for the whole work, but I have been constrained to adopt the political boundary of the State of Panama (which includes also the Isthmus of Darien), because authors give for many species simply “‘ Panama” as locality. These species can be enumerated safely as found within the State of Panama, but I have no means of knowing whether east or west of the
deepest notch of the Isthmus.
The facts stated show that neither the Isthmus of Tehuantepec nor that of Panama affords a satisfactory boundary-line between the North- and South-American fauna ;
XX1V INTRODUCTION.
the general resemblance of the land-shells of the Mexican State of Vera Cruz to those of Northern Guatemala forbid the former, the strictly South-American forms in Costa Rica the latter. The longer tracts of the Nicaraguan depression, or even that of the Golfo Dulce (as regards Eucalodium), will serve the purpose perhaps a little better, if we want a separating-line between the South-American and the Mexico- Guatemalan fauna. As a matter of fact, however, there is no definite limit between these zoo-geographical regions, no more than there are between the North- and South-European, and the Palearctic and Oriental or Indian region. The main divisions used in zoo-geography, radiating from one centre and extending their dominion until they meet another, with which it would intermingle only in a comparatively narrow border-zone, do not really exist; but each of them, the Nearctic as well as the Neotropical, or any other, includes an abstract compound of families and genera of very different geographical extension, all having their peculiar conditions of life, and therefore also succeeding more or less in the common endeavour of extending their habitat. For instance, a considerable part of the Nearctic fauna is formed of families, genera, and even species which live also in Northern Europe and Northern Asia: it is the circumboreal fauna, crossing the Northern Atlantic and the Northern Pacific, and prevailing not only in the desolate Arctic regions, but also in the forest- and lake- countries of British North America and a portion of the United States (e.g., Rangifer, Alce, and a Bison, the Mustelide and Arvicolide, the Tetraonide, Limnea stagnalis, Margaritana, &c.). But another essential part of the Nearctic fauna is formed of exclusively American families or genera, such as Didelphys, Procyon, the Sylvicolide, and the Strepomatide. Likewise within the Palearctic division we find, not only in its southern provinces, but even in Scandinavia and European Russia, families and genera which bear witness of a fauna limited to Europe and Africa, e. g. Hrinaceus and the Myoxidee. In the same manner, within the limits cf Mexico and Central America the various faunas are intermingled over the greater part of the region: the Nearctic represented by Strobi/a and Polygyra; that of New Mexico and Texas by Holospira and Praticolella; that of California and Peru by some Bulimulide ; the Caribbean by Choanopoma, Chondropoma, and Ortalichus; that of the South-American continent by Glabaris; and the Mexican and Central-American by Glandina, Streptostyla, and Kucalodium.
As regards the elevation of the localities above the sea, I have noted what was available under each species in the body of the work ; for special particulars concerning
INTRODUCTION. XXV
numerous Costa-Rican forms I am indebted to H. Pittier and P. Biolley. But I dare not draw general conclusions, which might be disproved by the next observing traveller. The central Tableland of Mexico, without manifest drainage either to the Atlantic or to the Pacific, is treated in the enumeration of localities in the body of the work, and in the preceding Tables, as a distinct division. This region appears to be essentially poorer in Molluscs than the adjacent Eastern slope, the State of Vera Cruz, especially in Cyclophoridze and Cyclostomide, as well as in Omphalina, among the land-shells; Aplecta, Stenophysa, Ampullaria, Neritina, Glabaris, and Polymesoda, among the freshwater shells, are wanting in Central Mexico, while they are present on the Western and Eastern slopes: the number of freshwater shells is also remarkably smaller, especially in the genera Unio and Anodonta; Planorbis, on the contrary, and the subgenus Alampetis of Physa are, however, well represented: among the land-shells, Helicina, Glandina, Polygyra, Otostomus, Eucalodium, Holospira, and Succinea are comparatively numerous. In Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica I have also distinguished for the land-shells a central region, as distinct from the Pacific and Atlantic slopes: in Guatemala it comprises the metamorphic formations of the upper districts drained by the River Usumacinta and the upper half of that of the Rio Grande or Motagua River; in Nicaragua it corresponds to the basin of the Lake of that name, draining to the Atlantic, although nearer geographically to the Pacific; and in Costa Rica it comprises the elevated regions in the vicinity of the capital, San José, 1200 metres and more above the sea. The relationship of the fauna of these central parts to that of the neighbouring Pacific and Atlantic provinces will be seen particularized in the Tables: generally, it may be mentioned that Helicina, Glandina, Streptostyla, Otostomus, and Succinea are more or less well represented on the central plateaux, as in Central Mexico, and the Cyclophoridee and Cyclostomatidee very scarce. The species hitherto known to occur in the highest regions (2400-3500 metres, or about 8000-11,600 feet) on the central Tableland of Mexico and Guatemala belong to the genera Helicina (see infra, pp. 33, 37, 603), Glandina (pp. 54, 73), and Otostomus (pp. 208, 210) *.
* Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 677) mention correctly in this respect Helicina and Glandina ; but they go too far in stating that in South America, as a difference from the fauna of Mexico and Guatemala, the land-shells of the most elevated regions are Bulimulus ; for Otostomus sulcosus (Bulimulus, in the sense of Fischer and Crosse) reaches in Mexico the height of 3200 metres (see infra, p. 208), and O. ghiesbreghti, in Guatemala, reaches 2600-2900 metres, which is a much greater elevation than that
known for Glandina (2250-2400 metres), but less than that reached by Helicina (3500-3900 metres). BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. d
XXV1 INTRODUCTION.
The Table given of the distribution of the Terrestrial Mollusca shows, further, a much larger number of species in North Guatemala than in what I have termed Central Guatemala; this difference is not due to the extent of the district or its lower elevation, or to the greater number of collectors, but chiefly to the geological formation of the soil. I limited “Central Guatemala” to the Province of Baja Vera Paz, occupied chiefly by metamorphic rocks, including also the drainage of the upper part of the River Usumacinta (Rio Salinas) to the north, and that of the Rio Grande to the east; the Province of Alta Vera Paz, which is mostly limestone, is here included in North Guatemala. Now in all parts of the world a limestone- formation is much richer in land-shells than a plutonic or volcanic one, not only with respect to the number of species, but still more as regards the number of individuals. In countries which have not yet been thoroughly explored the number of the individuals influences also the number of known species, as those which are most abundant are, of course, the first to be noticed by the passing traveller. The greater richness of this formation in land-shells is, however, not exclusively due to the chemical composition of the soil, but in large degree also to its physical qualities: limestone offers generally a very diversified aspect, with rocks and holes, and projecting edges and re-entering corners, more or less open to the sun’s rays and yet offering everywhere shady places for retirement during the heat of the day.
Concerning Guatemala, Mr. Champion has sent me the following note:—‘‘If you travel from the limestone regions of Vera Paz (Coban, Senahu, Cubilguitz, &c.) to the volcanic districts of the central tableland of Guatemala, you find a vast difference in the land-shells—many species and individuals in the former, scarcely any in the latter. The absence of the limestone, in my opinion, explains the absence of many forms, quite apart from the geographical situation.” Dr. Stoll, in his work on Guatemala (1886), pp. 196-199, says, concerning the land-shells of the Pacific slope as compared with those of Alta Vera Paz:—“ The district of Cholhuitz, 2000-4000 feet (640-1280 m.), on the advanced slopes of the Volcan de Santa Maria, which has deeply-cut ravines (barrancas) and virgin forest, with copious rainfall and a warm climate, offers a very rich Molluscan fauna, which, however, is rapidly decreasing by the annual cutting and burning of the trees; this fauna shows a very remarkable conformity with that of Alta Vera Paz, from which it is separated by large, barren, elevated tracts of land. In both districts live Helix ghiesbreghti, H. eximia, and H. trigonostoma, Otostomus delattre: (on the Pacific slope represented by the
INTRODUCTION. XXVil
var. hiabundus), and Glandina sowerbyana*. Eucalodium, on the contrary, is wanting on the Pacific slope of Guatemala.”
It must be borne in mind, however, that in Costa Rica the environs of San José have been more thoroughly explored by various collectors than the more remote lower districts ; this will account for the comparatively large number of species of Strepto- styla, Hyalinia, Guppya, and Leptinaria on the central tableland. But it is the more remarkable that none of the large-sized freshwater shells, which cannot be easily overlooked, as Ampullaria, Pachychilus, Unio, and Anodonta, have hitherto been found there.
The differences between the fauna of the Pacific and Atlantic slopes, in both Mexico and Central America, are noticed in the Tables: they seem to be not very important as regards the land-shells. We find in many instances a very unequal number of species, but it must be remembered that in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua the Eastern slope is not only broader and provided with larger rivers, but has also, at least in Mexico, been more carefully explored by a greater number of scientific travellers and residents; it is therefore not a matter of surprise that the Eastern slope of these countries has offered, so far, more distinct forms and more
species to science than the Western, especially among the freshwater shells. In
* Dr. Stoll possesses a specimen of this species from the Hacienda Buenavista, in the upper part of the Cholhuitz district, which has an elevation of 3500 feet (about 1137 m.); this locality was not previously mentioned (infra, p. 55), because I had not seen the example.
+ Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 678), speaking of the subregion of the Pacific slope, correctly insist on the peculiar geographical range of Holospira—the inland portion of Texas, and from Arizona through Coahuila and Chihuahua to the western provinces of Mexico,—corresponding to the range of the Cactacean genera Cereus and Echinocereus (also Mammillaria, see K. Schumann, “ Verbreitung der Cactacew,” Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1899). But they go too far in saying that Holospira is completely absent from the Atlantic slope of Mexico: San Carlos, the recorded locality in Chihuahua for H. coahuilensis, var. semisculpta, lies very near to the Rio del Norte, and by far the greater part of Chihuahua and of the adjacent State of Coahuila are drained by the same river to the Atlantic; moreover, H. teres, var. hoegeana, is found exclusively on the eastern slope of the Mexican tableland (see infra, p. 280), H. berendti in the States of Vera Cruz and Chiapas (see infra, p. 281), and H. veracruziana near Misantla, also in Vera Cruz (see infra, p. 635).
+ Fischer and Crosse, in their review of the geographical distribution (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 672, 678), state that the genus Unio is wanting (“fait défaut”) within Mexico in the streams running to the Pacific; but they mention themselves, in the descriptive part (p. 606), that Unio poeyanus, Lea, is found in
the Rio Balsas, State of Guerrero, which empties into the Pacific.
Page
XXVili
INTRODUCTION.
Costa Rica and Panama the greater geographical extension belongs to the Pacific
slope.
One peculiarity of the fauna of the Western slope is worthy of note,
viz., the occurrence of peculiar large-sized forms of Otostomus or Bulimulus in the western part of Mexico, such as O. dombeyanus, O. fenestratus, and O. chaperi, related somewhat to the Andean 0. millegranus and O. altoperuvianus; it is among the land-shells somewhat analogous to the phyto-geographical distribution of the
majority of the Cactaceee.
The submarine Mollusca of the eastern and western shores are of course distinct,
more so even than some truly marine shells, as Tellina rufescens and Purpura patula,
but there are remarkably analogous forms among them.
oo
bho © > orbon or
eo bo Oo Se
May 1901.
EK. v. M.
ERRATA ET
for 1843 read 1883.
for H. florida read H. flavida.
for 1779 read 1799.
for cinctelta read cinctella.
for Plumas read Palmas.
for above Jalapa read below Jalapa. for G. read S.
for G. read S.
erase the letters mm. at the head of the Anfr.
column in the Tables.
for Centrat read West.
for Hége read H. H. Smith.
for fig. 14 read fig. 12 b.
add at end of line (Tab. IX. figg. 6, 6a.)
for figg. 2, 2a-7, 7a. read 2-2a-5, 5a, 7,7 a.
for tridonia read tridonta.
add after albidus. (Tab. XIV. fig. 15.)
for Bulimula read Bulimulus.
add after apiostoma, (Tab. XVII. fig. 4.) add after pulchella. (Tab. XVII. figg. 3, 3a.) add after salpinw. (Tab. XVII. fig. 5.) . for Turubanes read Turubares.
CORRIGENDA.
Page Line
333 12 for concordlalis read concordialis.
336 3 for moerchi read mérchi.
342 1 for Astonrp& read ARIONIDE.
348 12 for Strebel read P. Strobel.
360 34 for figg. 5, 5a, b. read figg. 5, 5a, 6.
394 10 for N. read EK.
400 8 for Planorbulina read Planorbula.
402 18 for p. 3 read p. 321.
444 9 for t. 10 read t. 14.
451 34 for Mechychilus read Pachychilus.
471 1 for Bean read Beau.
472 27 add after reclivata. (Tab. XXVIII. fig. 2.)
498 19 for figg. 6, 6 a-c. read 6, 6a, b.
012 18 jor p. 103 read p. 105.
528 at head of fifth column in lower Table for Guatemela read Guatemala.
538 29 for latemarginata read latomarginata.
552 8 for figg. 2a, 6, c. read figg. 2, 2 a, b.
556 35 for Conovalus read Conovulus.
583 4. for ziczak read ziczac.
588 23 add after virginea. (Tab. XXVIIL. figg. 11, 12.)
599 after line 9 add CHONDROPOMA (p. 16).
600 10 for cordovanm read cordovanum.
BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.
ZOOLOGIA.
MOLLUSCA.
A. SPECIES TERRESTRES.
GASTROPODA PULMONATA DIOICA*.
One pair of feelers, eyes at their base ; sexes separated; operculum rarely wanting.
Fam. CYCLOPHORIDA.
Operculum circular, formed of numerous narrow whorls, which give it the appearance of concentric structure. Shell depressed or globular, widely umbilicated, generally of simple, somewhat coarse sculpture and brown (pale yellowish to chestnut) hue, conco- lorous or with a single darker band; peristome straight or (in the American forms rarely) expanded. Size rather large. Regular Teenioglossata as regards the radula.
The Cyclophoride have two centres of geographical distribution—one in the East Indies extending to Polynesia (more rich in distinct genera, especially some with com- plicated structure of the peristome), and the other in ‘Tropical America. In the latter their head-quarters is the tract of the Andes from Mexico to Ecuador ; some species are also found in Bolivia and on the east coast of Brazil and Guiana, and (a few) in the Caribbean Islands (about twenty, more especially in Jamaica), but there are none in the Nearctic Region. The two principal genera, Cyclotus and Cyclophorus, discriminated somewhat artificially by the structure of the operculum, are common to both hemi- spheres; but there are natural groups or subgenera within each, which are also geographically circumscribed. The subgenus Cyrtotoma is confined to Mexico, Amphicyclotus to the continent of Central and South America.
* In the arrangement of the letterpress I have tried an innovation by summing up the conchological differ- ences of the species in a common table, instead of giving a separate diagnostical description of each at its place ; I believe the comparison and determination will thereby be rendered more easy, as by this method the common and the differential characters of the species are seen at a glance, without referring to different pages. In opposition to the “ clavis”’-like tables, which are usual in many handbooks, it has the advantage that the student may choose between five or six qualities in beginning the determination, and may take that which is the most striking or the least ambiguous in his specimen.—E,. v. M.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1890. 1
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CYCLOTUS. 3
CYCLOTUS. Cyclotus, Guilding, in Swainson’s Malac. p. 186 (1840).
Operculum thick, calcareous, many-whorled, nucleus central.
Subgen. APEROSTOMA. Aperostoma (Troschel), Pfeiffer, in Malak. Blatt. 1847, p. 47. Neocyclotus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 148 (1889). Peristome simple, straight.
1. Cyclotus (Aperostoma) irregularis. Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) irregulare, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1855, p. 117°. Cyclotus irregularis, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 15°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Cyclotus, t. 4. fig. 18°; Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 483°. Hab. %. Costa Rica: Costa Rica 23 (Gadd 4; mus. Cuming+); Cache (Rogers); ‘the commonest shell in Talamanca; coast region, and to 500 feet high on the hills”
(Gabdb *).
Lower margin of the aperture often injured, probably by the “animal grazing, so to say, to satisfy a demand for lime”*. From this circumstance it becomes doubtful whether C. bisinuatus is really distinct from C. irregularis.
2. Cyclotus (Aperostoma) bisinuatus. Cyclotus bisinuatus, v. Mart. in Malak. Blitt. xi. p. 118, t. 3. figg. 1, 2 (1864) *, & xv. p. 156 (1868) *; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 26°.
Hab. S.W. Guatemata: Costa Cuca above Retalhuleu ; southern slope of “Los Altos,” at San Francisco Miramar 2500 feet; and in the district Cholhuitz, on the slope of the Volcan de Santa Maria, at an elevation of from 3000 to 5000 feet, in the woods on the ground, under decayed leaves (Stol/).
C. Costa Rica: elevated plains of Costa Rica (C. Hoffman '* and Carmiol?, in mus. Berol.). { ye Le) Se
Outer face of the operculum deepened in the middle; whorls at most six, the inner edge of each prominent in a right angle.
Living animal pale reddish-grey ; feelers bright orange, tapering; muzzle produced, bilobed (Séo/@).
8. Cyclotus (Aperostoma) dysoni. (Tab. I. figg. 1, 2, 17.) Cyclostoma dysoni, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1851, p. 243"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 244, p. 259, t. 35. figg. 5, 6°. Cyclophorus dysoni, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 98°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 69%. Cyclotus dysoni, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 19 (operculum) ’; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Cyclotus, t. 6. fig. 31°; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 648"; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 483°.
1*
4 MOLLUSCA.
Platystoma (Aperostoma) dysoni, Morch, in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 66 (1860) °. Neocyclotus dysoni, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 164, t. 38. figg. 6-8, t. 39. figg. 9-12, t. 41. figg. 1, 2™. Cyclophorus translucidus, Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 232" (nec Sowerby). Cyclotus translucidus, Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159”; Angas, P.Z.S8. 1879, p. 483" (nec Sowerby). Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Rio Grande in Oaxaca (Boucard: Fischer & Crosse 1°, t. 39. £.12 ; 213 millim. in diameter); Istapa and Panistlahuaca in Oaxaca (Boucard: Fischer & Crosse}, t. 39. fige. 9,10; 20-23 millim. in diameter).
CenTRAL Cutapas and Tapasco: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght ©: var. umbilico paullum latiore®), Teapa (H. H. Smith).
Yucatan: Campeche (Dr. Berendt); Tabi in N.W. Yucatan (fF. D. G.; Febr. 1888: very small specimens, 16 millim.). (Tab. I. fig. 2.)
N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Salvin 11), Coban’, Tactic and Tamahu (Sarg 1°), Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt, Sarg: Fischer & Crosse’, t. 39. f£ 11; 30 millim. in diameter), Senahu and San Juan in Vera Paz (Champion).
S.W. Guaremana, includ. §.W. Cutapas: Tapachula (Hége), San Isidro, Zapote (Champion: 19-21 millim.); Low country between Retalhuleu and the sea (Stoll).
Honpuras (Dyson ! 2 3 4610),
CentraL Nicaragua: Acoyapa (Belt; Dec. 1879); Chontales—forest-region, not uncommon, ascending the Pena Blanca to an elevation of 3000 feet, sparsely distributed in the savana-region (Tate 12),
S.W. Costa Rica: Lepanta, Gulf of Nicoya (Gabb 18); Cervantes—only on hills, not common (Gab *); Punta Arenas?! ( Orsted).
From an inspection of the original specimens, I may be allowed to state that the Vera Paz shell quoted as C. translucidus by Tristram " is C. dysoni and not the true C. translucidus, Sowerby ; the latter is a closely allied species, and chiefly differs from C. dysoni in the sculpture being distinctly more feeble. I, therefore, dare not include C. translucidus in the Central-American fauna, although Angas 1% and Tate !2 have also quoted it from within our limits. The true C. translucidus is from Venezuela.
Colours of the living animal as in the preceding (Stoll).
Var. n. ambiguus.
Testa magis depressa, costulis minus undulosis. Diam. 28, alt. 16, apert. 11 millim.
Hab. EB. Mexico, Soledad, between Cordova and Orizaba (Hége).
Var. n affinis.
Testa magis depressa, sculptura normali, colore castaneo. Diam. maj. 20, alt. 15, apert. 10 millim. (Tab. L. fig. 1.)
Hab. 8. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).
[ob |
CYCLOTUS.—CYCLOPHORUS.
Var. berendti. , Cyclotus berendti, Pfr., in Malak. Blitt. viii. p. 171 (1861)'; Monogr. Pne m. Vivent. iii. p. 30°; Novit. Conch. ii. p. 232, t. 59. figg. 22, 23°. Cyclotus dysoni, var.?, Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, pp. 9, 10, t. 1. fig. 3%. . Hab. Yucatan, Campeche (Strebel*). Also recorded from Vera Cruz, from dead shells found on the shore, and from Mirador (Berendt1?°)—this locality appears doubtful.
The solution of the aperture and the duplicity of the peristome, which are urged by Pfeiffer as specific characters, are perhaps only an individual aberration. Through the kindness of Dr. H. Dohrn I have had an opportunity of examining Pfeiffer’s original specimen : it offers a somewhat campanulated expansion of the last whorl just behind the aperture, and the so-called double peristome appears to be an accidental super- structure somewhat similar to that observed in some examples of Helix desertorum (H. chilembia, Bourg.). The general form appears rather more depressed than in C. dysoni; the sculpture is quite similar. Berendt’s other specimens from the same locality agree with it in the general shape, but want the superstructure of the peri- stome, therefore I have quoted them among C. dysont.
Fischer and Crosse’s Neocyclotus berendti (t. 38. fig. 4) does not agree with Pfeiffer’s specimen, and may be also a variety of C. dysoni; these authors also give “ Boom, Belize river, British Honduras (Berendt)” as a locality.
4, Cyclotus (?) boucardi. Cyclotus boucardi, Angas, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 73, t. 5. figg. 3, 4°, and 1879, p. 483 ne
Hab. E. Costa Rica: San Carlos (Boucard!); mouth of Banana river, five miles from Limon (Gabd”). The operculum seems to be unknown, and as Angas! compares the structure of the peristome with that of Cyclophorus (not Cyclotus) mexicanus, the genus of this species remains to be confirmed by the discovery of the operculum,
CYCLOPHORUS. Cyclophorus, Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii. p. 290 (1810).
Operculum thin, corneous.
Subgen. Ampuicyctotus, Fischer & Crosse. Amphicyclotus, Fischer & Crosse, in Journ. de Conch. xxvii. p. 46 (1879). Edge of the aperture thin, straight.
1. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) ponderosus,
Cyclostoma stramineum, Morelet, in litt. (nec Sow.)’.
6 MOLLUSCA.
Cyclostoma ponderosum, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 243°, and in Martini & Chemarte, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 242, p. 257, t. 35. figg. 12, 14°.
Cyclophorus ponderosus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 97°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 68°; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 232°; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 6487; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t. 15. fig. 70°.
Amphicyclotus ponderosus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 147, t. 35. fig. 3°.
Hab. N. Guatemaa (Morelet® 4° °8 ; mus. Cuming? ; Sarg ®), Coban (Salvin "), Senahu
(Champion).
The specimen delineated by Reeve has a yellowish band, which is wanting in other specimens.
2. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) maleri. Amphicyclotus maleri, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 102 (1883) '; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 145, t. 41. £.3°.
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast 2); Tabasco (Maler ! 2),
3. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) texturatus. Cyclostoma texturatum, Sow. Thes. Conch. Suppl. no. 182, p. 160*, t. 81 a. fig. 3031; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 248, p. 258, t. 35. figg. 10, 11°. Cyclophorus texturatus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 97°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p- 684; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t. 15. fig. 67°; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 648%. Amphicyclotus texturatus, Vischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 144, t. 85. fig. 2, & t. 38. fig. 3%.
Hab. 8.W. Mezxico: Tehuantepec (Swmichrast 7); Cerro de Plumas, near Puerto Angel, tropical forest (Hége). N. Guatemata !?345: Coban (Salvin %); at the side of the road between Tactic and Tamahu (Sarg *).
4, Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) boucardi. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) boucardi, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 328, t. 35. fig. 257; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 65 ”. Amphicyclotus boucardi, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 142, t. 35. fig. 1°.
Hab. E. Muxtco: Cordova in the State of Vera Cruz (Sallé128, Hoge).
5. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) lutescens. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) lutescens, Pir. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 250°. Cyclostoma lutescens, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 345, p. 333, t. 43. figg, 12-147. Cyclophorus lutescens, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 82°, & iii. p. 69'; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 56° _ Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t. 16. fige. 75°; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 483"
CYCLOPHORUS. 7
Habropoma lutescens, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 38. oe 2. Amphicyclotus lutescens, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 189°. Cyclotus cooperi, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1863, p. 281, t. 2. fig.2°; Pfr. Monogr. Praain Vivent. . iv. p. 80”.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan in Sinaloa (Rémond 9 1). S.W. Mexico: Panistlahuaca in the State of Oaxaca, near the Rio Verde (Boucard * 8). Var. (?): W. Costa Rica, Lepanta near Nicoya (abd ").
I cannot make out any difference of importance in the description and figure of C. cooperi to distinguish it from C. lutescens ; but as I have not seen an original specimen of the former the identity remains to be confirmed.
One of Gabb’s specimens in the British Museum has still its operculum; it is thin and horny (Hdgar Smith, in litt.).
Pfeiffer !23 first gave Brazil as a locality for this species (and this is the locality mentioned by Gray ® and Reeve °), but subsequently 41° changed it to Mexico.
Subgen. Cyrtotoma, Morch (1852). Habropoma, Fischer & Crosse (1886).
Peristome thickened, distinctly notched at its insertion into the penultimate whorl.
6. Cyclophorus (Cyrtotoma) mexicanus.
Cyclostoma mexicanum, Menke, Synops. Moll. ed. 2, pp. 39, 183 (1830); Philippi, Abbild. i. 5, p. 104, t. 1. fig. 4”; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 49, p- 56, t. 7. figg. 21, 22°; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. no. 64, p. 112, t. 25. fig. 93 °.
Cyclotus mexicanus, Gray, List Cycloph. p. 9°, and Cat. Phaneropn. p. 19°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 34’.
Cyclophorus mexicanus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 55° (excl. var.) ; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 4, 151 (1865)°; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 8, tabb. 1, la. figg. 1, la, 10”.
Habropoma mexicanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 180, t. 35. fig. 5 a
Hab. E. Mexico 5, Papantla, north of VeraCruz, in the woods (Deppe® "& Schiede? 67911); Misantla in the State of Vera Cruz, copiously 1; Cuesta de Misantla (MM. Tru- jillo) ; Jalapa (Hoge).
S.W. Mexico: Playa Vicente and Tustepec, in the State of Oaxaca (Sallé 11); Cerro de Plumas in the same State (/6ge).
7. Cyclophorus (Cyrtotoma) salleanus. Cyrtotoma mexicanum (Menke), Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 40 (1852)'; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii. p. 176°. Cyclophorus mexicanus 8, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 55°. Cyclophorus salleanus, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xi. p. Lol (1865) *; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p.9, tabb. 1, 14a. figg. 2, 2a@°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 109°.
8 MOLLUSCA.
Habropoma (Cyrtotoma) salleanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 133, t. 85. fig. 4, t. 38. fig. 1”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova in the State of Vera Cruz (Sallé?4°7); Barranca de Santa Maria, near Mirador (Berendt®"); Orizaba (Strebel®"); Misantla (Strebel’, Hoge); Quilate near Misantla, Atoyac, Coatepec (Héye); Jalapa (IZ. Trujillo, W. Richardson).
Having now before me seven adult specimens of C. salleanus and five of C. mexicanus, in addition to those which I examined in 1866, I am enabled to add the following to the differences already given [cf Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 152 (1865)]:—The lower lobe of the columellar margin beneath the deep notch is always free in C. mea- canus, and soldered to the penultimate whorl in C. salleanus; this seems to be a constant character. ‘The break of contiguity in the upper suture just before the aperture, on the contrary, is not constant in C. sal/eanus and is to be seen also in two specimens of C. mexicanus; in these two even the upper lobe of the columellar margin is free (not soldered), but in the other three examples of C. mexicanus, and in all those of C. salleanus, it is soldered to the penultimate whorl. The peculiar swelling and more coarse sculpture near the suture are connected with its disunion of contiguity and are distinctly visible in five specimens of C. salleanus ; but are rather indistinct in the two other examples of this species and altogether wanting in all the specimens of C. mezi- canus, also in those in which the suture is not contiguous near the aperture. Concerning the prominence of the apex of the spire there is no trustworthy difference ; often it is broken. ‘The margin of the aperture is somewhat reflexed above—outside and below in C. salleanus, only thickened but not reflexed in C. mexicanus; there are, however, some gradations in this respect in both. The smallest specimen of C. salleanus (diam. maj. 243 millim., aperture included) is equal in size to the largest example of C. mexicanus. ‘The colour is a pale reddish in all whorls, or at least in those except the last (not decorticated), in C. salleanus, pale yellow or brownish in C. mexicanus ; if, however, the upper whorls are worn, a reddish hue is to be seen in them also in this latter species.
Species of Cyclotus and Cyclophorus with doubtful locality.
Cyclotus giganteus.
Cyclostoma giganteum, Sow. P. Z.8. 1848, p. 30°; Thes. Conch. i. p. 92, t. 28. figg. 8, 9°; Reeve, Conch. Syst. i. t. 184. fig. 17°; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 2, p. 11, t. 1. figg. 11-14".
Cyclotus giganteus, Gray, List Cycloph. p. 6°, and Cat. Phaneropn. p. 7°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. 16"; Hidalgo, Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, i. p. 144, t. 8. figg. 9-11°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Cyclotus, t. 1. fig. 3°.
Hab. PaANaMaA: near Panama, in woods !47 9,
All later discovered localities for this species are situated beyond the limits of
CYCLOPHORUS.—MEGALOMASTOMA. 9
Central America, in Colombia south of the Isthmus of Panama, or Ecuador, viz. :— Marmato on the river Cauca, 54° N. lat. (Bland), Quito and Agua Rica in Ecuador
(Paz and Martinez), Santa Elena>*7 near Guayaquil (Cuming), Salanga, north of Guayaquil (Jay °).
Cyclophorus (?) purus. Cyclostoma purum, Forbes, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 56, t. 9. fig. 9* (copied in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 226, p. 245, t. 32. figg. 14, 15). Cyclophorus purus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. 1. p. 93°; Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t.7. fig. 28°.
Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 65°; Reeve,
Precise locality unknown!. It was found by Captain Kellett and Lieut. Wood, during the surveying voyages of the ‘ Herald’ and ‘ Pandora’ on the western coast of America, somewhere between Ecuador and Vancouver Island; and it has been there- fore ascribed to Central America‘. But nobody has again met with it. The nearest allied species is C. cwmingi, Sow., from the island of Tumaco, on the borders of Ecuador and Colombia; and perhaps C. purus may be only a variety of it (cf. Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 73).
MEGALOMASTOMA. Megalomastoma, Guilding, in Swainson’s Malac. p. 186 (1840).
Shell elongated, pupiform. truncated.
Operculum as in Cyclophorus. ‘Tip of the shell often
Subgen. Tomocycius, Crosse & Fischer. Tomocyclus, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 76 (1872).
Peristoma duplex, externum ad insertionem excisum. This subgenus is contined to Central America.
Sculptura. Basis. Peristoma.. Long. ee xel. : mm. mm. gealei, Cr. § Fisch. ...... arcuatim costulata. | funiculato-carinata. | dilatatum, anguste et; 39-43 | 114-124 flexuose excisum. simulacrum, Morel. ...... sublevis. Ra latiuscule emargi- 30-45 9-11 natum, appressum. , var. cobanense, Sow. 9 . ss 20-28 73-9 , var. gracilius ....... _ ss 3 380 5 guatemalense, Pfr. ...... striatula. compressa nec cari- | perangustum, exci- 24 8 nata. sum.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1890.
10 MOLLUSCA.
1. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) gealei.
Tomocyclus gealei, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 77 (1872) '; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 189°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 118, t. 40. figg. 1-3 °.
Hab. Cutapas (Boucard 12 8),
N. GuareMaLa: woods between Tactic and Tamahu, Alta Vera Paz (Sarg?*); Polochic valley above Panzos and Senahu (Champion).
2. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) simulacrum. Cyclostoma simulacrum, Morelet, Test. Noviss.i. p. 22°; Pfr.in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 256, p. 267, t. 36. figg. 11, 12°. Megalomastoma simulacrum, Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 92°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 181°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 263. figg. 3, 4°; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 282°. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) simulacrum, v. Mart. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 649". Tomocyclus simulacrum, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 76 (1872)°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 140°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 121, t. 40. fig. 9*°. Hab. N. Guatemata®®8%; woods near San Luis in Peten (Morelet11°); Coban (Salvin ™); between Tactic and Tamahu (Sarg}°); Vera Paz??4,
Var. minus. Cyclostoma copanense, Sow. Thes. Conch. Suppl. i. p. 165, t. 31. figg. 310, 811%; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 182”. Tomocyclus simulacrum, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 40. figg. 4, 5, 7, 8, 10”. Hab. N. Guaremata: Coban?! (Morelet 13); Alta Vera Paz’ (Bocourt!*); Senahu (Champion).
Var. gracilius.
Tomocyclus simulacrum, var. 6, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 40. fig. 6 **.
Hab. N. Guatemata: between Tactic and Tamahu, in the woods (Sarg 14).
Fischer and Crosse (/. c. p. 120) insist on the specific differences between IV. gealei and MV. simulacrum, on the ground that in /. gealei the upper part of the peristome is never joined nor soldered to the preceding whorl; but we have an intermediate specimen collected at Senahu by Mr. Champion, distinctly costulated as M/. gealet, in which the upper edge of the peristome is really joined to the penultimate whorl. Of course this is only the consequence of a somewhat larger development of the broad peristome, and of less specific value than the sculpture of the whole shell.
The var. gracilius approaches somewhat MW. guatemalense.
The thread-like basal carina is more or less distinctly expressed in various specimens : in one, which was broken during life, there is no trace of it to be seen; it disappears in
MEGALOMASTOMA. 11
all near the aperture. The expansion of the outer peristome is quite even in some specimens, in others somewhat concave. The notch at the junction with the penulti- mate whorl is always narrower at its commencement and somewhat widened more behind, but in different degrees in various specimens; the outer lobe of the peristome reaches always the penultimate whorl and is more or less appressed to it; the inner (left) lobe remains free of it, although it comes very near in some examples. ‘The chief character of I. gealei lies in the sculpture of the shell, but this is also subject to some gradation according to the specimens; generally, the outer lobe of the peristome is free in MW. gealei, or touches only the penultimate whorl; the borders of the notch form a . perpendicular wall which reaches the basal keel, but this is also to be seen in some specimens of WM. simulacrum and not in all of VM. gealei. Finally, the separation of the last whorl from the suture near the aperture is more distinct in W/. gealez than it is in M. simulacrum. By comparing more specimens (three of M. gealei, seven of M. simu- lacrum), however, all these differences prove to be very gradual, so that the right of M. gealei as a distinct species appears rather contestable.
3. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) guatemalense, Cyclostoma guatemalense, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 245+; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 257, p. 267, t. 36. figg. 18, 147. Megalomastoma guatemalense, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 182°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p: 92°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 263. fig. 6°. Tomocyclus guatemalensis, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 76 (1872) °; Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 1407; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 124, t. 40. figg. 11°.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: San Martin Tuxtla, in the south of the State of Vera Cruz (Bou- card, Sallé ®). | N. GuateMaLa®’, Vera Paz?34 (mus. Cuming ').
Megalomastoma guildingianum. Cyclostoma guildingianum, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 28; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 218, p. 239, t. 31. figg. 25, 26.
Megalomastoma guildingianum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 184; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 94.
Locality unknown. Patel (Catalog. d. Conchyliensammlung, 1873, p. 120) cites Guatemala with a?; but nobody, so far as I know, has ever reported it thence. Very probably it belongs to one of the West-Indian islands.
9*
12 MOLLUSCA.
Fam. CYCLOSTOMIDZ.
The Cyclostomide are characterized by a generally oblong finely sculptured shell of reddish-grey colour, often with brown interrupted bandlets or rows of spots ; and, chiefly, by the operculum being of a rather ovate subangular form and composed of few spiral whorls. They are generally smaller in size than the Cyclophoride. As regards the radula they are also Tznioglossata, but the outer plates are often provided with many deep notches, so that they may be looked upon as forming a sort of transition to the Rhipidoglossata (Helicinide).
Their geographical distribution is very peculiar, extending (1) over the whole cf Africa, with Madagascar and Arabia, Southern and Western Europe, and (2) Central America ; they are very plentiful in the larger islands of the West Indies, especially in Cuba (136 species) and Jamaica (66 species), and are also represented in nearly all the small islands, from the Bahamas to Trinidad (about 56 species). The species found on the continent of America are comparatively few in number, and they do not extend to any notable distance from the Caribbean Sea: five are found on the shores of Venezuela, two (so far as we know) in British Guiana, but one in Ecuador (Chondropoma aspratile, Morel.), and one is said to come from Bolivia (Cistula thoreyana, Phil.) ; this last statement, however, requires confirmation, as it dates from 1851 and has not since been verified. Not one is known from Cayenne or Brazil. It appears, therefore, that the Cyclostomide follow chiefly the chain of the Andes.
In the United States, one species is found in Florida, which, as is well known, per- tains more to the Caribbean than to the Nearctic fauna. Within the limits of Mexico and Central America we know at most seventeen, or, including all doubtful ones, twenty- one species :—one or two only from north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, most of them (not only as regards species, but in the number of individuals) in Yucatan, Guatemala, and Honduras, that is to say, in the large tropical wooded countries which drain into the Caribbean Sea and are moistened by winds from that quarter. In Mexico (Yucatan excepted) the only precisely known localities are Cordova and Atoyac in the province of Vera Cruz, both on the eastern slope. It is very remarkable that hitherto no special locality situated on the western slope is known as a “ habitat” of a species of Cyclostomide ; only the vague statement ‘Isthmus of Tehuantepec” and the quite general ones ‘“ Mexico,” “ Chiapas,” “Guatemala” suggest the possibility that some species may perhaps also be found on the western slope.
The most elevated locality known to me is Coban in northern Guatemala, Chondro- poma rubicundum being found there as well as at a lower elevation.
The genera are not at all distinct from those prevailing in the islands of the Carib- bean sea; but not all Caribbean genera are represented on the continent of America— for example, Cyclostoma proper (Tudora’), Licina, Ctenopoma, Jamaicia. The geogra-
CHOANOPOMA. 13
phical extension of the species appears to be rather limited ; not one of those inhabiting Mexico and Central America is known to live also in the West-Indian Islands or in South America; and even within our limits each species is as yet known only from one province or, in a few cases, from two neighbouring ones.
As the general facies of both genera (Choanopoma and Chondropoma) is very. much alike, and they are discriminated only by the structure of the operculum, we give on pages 14, 15 one comparative table for the species of both.
CHOANOPOMA. Choanopoma, Pfeiffer, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 45.
This genus is characterized by the elevated edges of the whorls in the operculum ; the operculum itself is somewhat more circular than in Cyclostoma proper and in Chondropoma; the shell is generally ovate, with swollen whorls divided by deep sutures, pale-coloured, and sharply sculptured. For the distinctive characters of the species see the table on p. 14.
a. Last whorl adhering to the preceding in its whole length.
1. Choanopoma trochleare. Cyclostoma trochlea, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 249°. Cyclostoma trochleare, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 315, p. 311, t. 41. figg. 7, 8°. Cistula (?) trochlearis, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 275, & ii. p. 185°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 194°. Xl Chondropoma trochleare, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. &. fig. 82°.
Var. majus.
Choanopoma chiapasense, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. t. 41. fig. 8 (letter- press not yet published) °.
Hab. Cutapas® ° (Ghiesbreght *).
The original locality was unknown to Pfeiffer '.
2. Choanopoma sumichrasti. Choanopoma sumichrasti, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xxii. p. 283 (1874)'; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 1567; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, u. t. 41.
fig. 9 (letterpress not yet published).
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Swmichrast ' *).
MOLLUSCA.
14
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CHOANOPOMA.—CHONDROPOMA.
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16 MOLLUSCA.
b. Last whorl disconnected from the preceding near the aperture.
3. Choanopoma rigidulum. (Tab. I. fig. 3.) Cyclostoma rigidulum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 18°. Cistula rigidula, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 184°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 191°. Adamsiella rigidula, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 176, t. 42. fig. 12.
Hab. N. GuaTeMALA: province of Vera Paz?%, in rocky localities (Morelet 1).
4, Choanopoma osberti.
Adamsiella osberti, Tristr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 232*; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 120°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 11. t. 42. fig. 13 (letterpress not yet published).
Hab. Guatemata (Salvin? 2).
The operculum is thick, calcareous, with prominent edges of the single whorls.
The genus Adamsiella has been distinguished by Pfeiffer from Chondropoma by its operculum being cartilaginous instead of calcareous; but this difference is effaced by gradual transitions. A specimen of C. rigidulum from Patel’s collection, now in the Berlin Museum, exhibits a thick calcareous operculum. The majority of Pfeiffer’s species of Adamsiella have the last whorl not disconnected from the preceding.
CHONDROPOMA. Chondropoma, Pfeiffer, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 109. Operculum cartilaginous, either throughout or with a thin calcareous layer outside
(Cistula, Pfr.). Shell conical, ovate or elongate, with varying sculpture, often of a reddish colour with brown interrupted bands.
a. Sculpture vertical only.
aa. Shell conical.
1. Chondropoma pleurophorum. Cyclostoma pleurophorum, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 245'; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 299, p. 299, t. 40. figg.5, 6% Cistula pleurophora, Pfr. Monogr. Vivent. i. p. 262°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 183‘.
Hab. Honvuras !2324: probably collected by Dyson.
Very distinct from all the following by the short conical form and the wide angu- lated umbilicus.
2. Chondropoma andrews. (Tab. I. fig. 4.) Cyclostoma andrewse, Ancey, in Annales de Malacol. ii. p. 251 (1886) ’.
Hab. Gulf of Honpuras }.
CHONDROPOMA. ET
bb. Shell oblong.
3. Chondropoma subangulatum. (Tab. I. fig. 5.) Cistula subangulata, v. Mart. Sitzungsb. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1886, p. 162°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Teleman in the Polochic valley (Stoll1); Senahu 2500 feet, in the same valley, above Panzos, copiously, in very humid forest (Champion).
Approaches in general features the following, but is distinguished by the subangu- late or even angulate upper whorls and the pale colour.
4. Chondropoma rubicundum. |
Cyclostoma rubicundum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 221; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclosioma, no. 273, p. 280, t. 37. figg. 29, 30°.
Chondropoma rubicundum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 291°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 207°‘; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 232°; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 649°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 6. fig. 47 (not good)’; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 5 (letterpress not yet published).
Hab. N. Guatemata’: province of Peten and Vera Paz?4, on the leaves of trees
(Morelet 1%); Coban, Vera Paz (Salvin ® °) ; lower valley of the Polochic (Stol/).
Somewhat variable in size and colour, ordinarily of a distinct red hue, the top dark bluish or nearly black.
5. Chondropoma cordovanum. Cyclostoma (Chondropoma) cordovanum, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 323°. Chondropoma cordovanum, Pfr. Novit. Conch. i. p. 91, t. 25. figg. 18, 19°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 145°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 4. fig. 24°. ? Chondropoma cordovanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 6 (letter- press not yet published).
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé, Hége 13+); Atoyac (Hoge).
cc. Shell elongate.
6. Chondropoma acerbulum. Cyclostoma acerbulum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 19°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 4207 ; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 225°. Chondropoma acerbulum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 4 (letterpress not yet published).
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Morelet +? °).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1890. 3
18 MOLLUSCA.
b. Sculpture spiral and vertical.
aa. Shell conical; sculpture rather faint.
7. Chondropoma gruneri. Cyclostoma gruneri, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846, p. 47°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 73, p. 79, t. 10. figg. 28, 29°. Cistula gruneri, Gray, List Cyclopn. p.59°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 264°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 185°. Chondropoma gruneri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 9. fig. 68 (enlarged)
Hab. Honvuras * 4 * 6 (Gruner 1).
Remarkable for its broad conical form and close spiral strie, crossed by faint and much more distant elevated vertical ridges.
6
8. Chondropoma radiosum. Cyclostoma radiosum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p.22*; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 267, p. 275, t. 87. figg. 15, 16°. Cistula radiosa, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 263°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 184°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 1-3* (letterpress not yet published). Chondropoma radiosum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 9. fig. 69 (enlarged) °. Chondropoma ottonis, Tristr. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 412 (nec Pfr.) °.
Hab. N. and E. Guatemata: Province of Peten?4, in rocky localities (Morelet 1) ; Livingston, Bay of Honduras (Stoll); Vera Paz (Salvin ®).
Somewhat similar to C. ot¢tonis, Pfr., from Cuba; but of a more oblong form and wanting the peculiar extension of the outer peristome on the body of the last whorl, which distinguishes the Cuban species. The specific name has reference to the radiating dark brown pattern of the peristome. ‘Tristram® also gives Duefias as a locality, perhaps in error.
9. Chondropoma sargi. Cistula sargi, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 103 (1843) '; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 4-6° (letterpress not yet published). Cistula trochlearis (Pfr.), var., Tristr. P. Z. 8S. 1861, p. 282, & 18638, p. 412°.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Coban (Sarg1), Vera Paz (Salvin ?).
10. Chondropoma kiisteri. Cyclostoma kiisteri, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 249°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 316, p. 312, t. 41. figg. 9, 10°. Cistula kiisteri, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 265°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 186’. ? Cistula kiisteri, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. fig. 7° (letterpress not yet published). Chondropoma kiisteri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 11. fig. 87°.
Hab, Honpuras (Dyson 12348),
CHONDROPOMA. 4)
bb. Shell conico-oblong, somewhat pupiform.
11. Chondropoma largillierti.
Cyclostoma largillierti, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846, p.46'; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 125, p. 121, t. 14. figg. 26, 27”.
Choanopoma largillierti, Gray, List Cycloph. p. 51°.
Cistula largillierti, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 273‘; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 192°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 10, 11 (letterpress not yet published) °. . .
Chondropoma largillierti (Pfr.), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 11. fig. 86’.
Var. major, latior, costulis verticalibus minus confertis, peristomate latiore.
Cyclostoma grateloupi, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 246°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 309, p. 306, t. 40. figg. 28-31 °.
Cistula grateloupi, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 272"; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 191”; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 10, t. 1. fig. 4°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 8, 9 (letterpress not yet published) ».
Chondropoma grateloupi, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 11. fig. 84.
Hab. Yucatan 359 101114 (Largilliert 1247; mus. Cuming ®); Campeche, in the woods
(Dr. Berendt!”); Merida in Yucatan, copiously (Hége).
After examining a large number of specimens I feel convinced that the distinction between C. largillierti and C. grateloupi cannot be maintained, many examples being intermediate—in one character (size or sculpture or breadth of the aperture) agreeing better with Pfeiffer’s description of the former, in others with the latter.
cc. Shell elongate.
12. Chondropoma vespertinum. Cyclostoma vespertinum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 19°. Chondropoma (?) vespertinum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 418°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p- 200°. Chondropoma vespertinum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 7 (with operculum) (letterpress not yet published).
Hab. S.E. Mexico: ruins of Palenque, in the woods of the province of Chiapas 2 (Morelet *). |
13. Chondropoma turritum. Cyclostoma turritum, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 248°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 318, p. 310, t. 41. figg. 1, 2”. Chondropoma (?) turritum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 289°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 205 *. Chondropoma turritum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 7. fig. 52°.
3*
20 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. Honpuras (Dyson 1?34°),
Remarkable for its slender turreted form and neat coloration variegated with white and dark reddish-brown.
Doubtful Species of Cyclostomide.
Chondropoma truncatum. Cyclostoma truncatum (Wiegm.), Rossm. Icon. vi. p. 49, t. 28. fig. 397 (1839) *; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 5 (1865) *. Chondropoma truncatum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 293°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 208 *.
Hab. Mexico 1? 34 (Deppe).
The original specimen is lost. The author’s description and figure agree rather well with Chondropoma turritum, Pfr.; but this has hitherto only been known from Honduras, and Deppe did not collect in that country, but in Mexico.
Tudora planospira. Cyclostoma (Tudora) planospira, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. 11. p. 208 (1856) °. Tudora planospira, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 127”.
Hab. ‘‘In republica Mexicana, teste Poey.”
No other species of Tudora is known from the American continent. No figure is given.
DIPLOMMATINA. Diplommatina, Benson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. (2), p. 193 (1849).
Shell ovate, thin, with vertical riblets; whorls somewhat irregular, the one before the last the largest; aperture vertical, circular; peristome double, expanded. Oper- culum thin, shelly, paucispiral. ‘Tentacles long, filiform ; eyes bilobated, sessile at the hinder part of the base of the tentacles.
1. Diplommatina stolli, sp.n. (Tab. I. figg. 19 a, b.)
‘Kine winzige Art, welche einen sonst blos aus Ostindien bekannten linksgewundenen starkgerippten Typus darstellt.”—O. Stoll, Guatemala, Reisen und Schilderungen aus den jahren 1878-1883, p- 199 (1886).
Testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, costulis in anfr. penultimo 16 sat validis, albida; anfr. 6, convexi, priores duo leves, flavescentes, penultimus maximus, ultimus paullo angustior, rotundatus, leviusculus ; apertura subverticalis, circularis, peristomate continuo, incrassato, expanso, albo.
Long. 23, diam. 1, apert. $ millim.
HELICINID A. 21
Hab. N.W. Guatemaua: in the district Cholhuitz, on the slope of the Volcan de Santa Maria, at the plantation Helvetia, on the ground, in the second-growth woods, two specimens (0. Séol/).
This strange genus was for a long time only known from the tropical parts of India and Polynesia. One American representative has, however, been recorded ; this was found on the island of Trinidad by L. Guppy (cf Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p. 178, and vi. p. 308), and referred by him to the Indian D. huttoni, Pfr. I have a specimen from Trinidad before me, and find that in D. stolli the riblets are very much stronger and less numerous.
Fam. HELICINIDA.
The shells of the Helicinide, as their name implies, resemble somewhat those of the well-known genus Helix; but they are easily to be distinguished from the great majority of the Helices by the central part of the lower face being filled up by a shelly callosity instead of being excavated into an umbilicus. Moreover, the presence of a shelly operculum (wanting only in Proserpina) and of but one pair of feelers, and the position of the eyes at the base (not on the tip) of them, widely separate the Helicinide from Helix, as also the internal structure, the individual distinction of the sexes, and the quality of the radula (Rhipidoglossata) ; as regards the radula, they agree only with the Neritine among all land and freshwater shells, and they seem therefore to belong to a peculiar series of Mollusca, ascending from marine life to a terrestrial one through Trochus, Nerita, Neritina, Hydrocena, and Helicina. ‘The semicircular form of the aperture and of the operculum, and the want of spiral structure in the latter, serve to distinguish them from the families Cyclophoride and Cyclostomide (with the exception of the genus Lourciera, which does not come within the limits of this work).
The Helicinide are nearly circumtropical and prominently insular, being wanting only in the continent of Africa, but they are extremely scarce in the tropical regions of Asia, and here limited to the south-eastern sea-shores (China, Siam, Arakan); and they are represented in Europe, with the Azores and the Canary Islands, only by the peculiar and rare genus Hydrocena. The islands of the Pacific and those of the Carib- bean Sea are their head-quarters ; Cuba, for example, having eighty-three species, and Jamaica thirty-one. ‘They extend, however, in North and in South America farther than the Cyclostomide; Helicina orbiculata is found alive in Georgia and Tennessee, and also postpleiocene in the Mississippi valley, and several species occur in Southern Brazil.
We know at present about forty species found within Mexico and Central America, including some which are doubtfully distinct. ‘They are distributed over the whole area in the following manner :—
22
MOLLUSCA.
1. Cenrrat Mexico, N. of the tropic. Helicina durangoana and H. borealis.
2. CenTRAL Mexico, between the tropic and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Helicina ghiesbreghti and H. tenuis.
3, WESTERN SLOPE OF Mexico, between the same limits. Helicina punctisulcata, H. fragilis.
4, EASTERN SLOPE oF Mexico, between the same limits, chiefly State of Vera Cruz. | Helicina cinctella, H. zephyrina (turbinata), H. deppeana, H. cordillere, H. chryso- cheila, H. tenuis, H. fragilis, H. succincta, H. delicatula, H. owentana, var., H. notata, H. flavida, H. lirata, H. mohriana. Schasichetla nicoleti, S. pannucea, S. alata. Proserpina eolina, P. salleana, P. berendte. This large number is due chiefly to the circumstance that many collectors, and among
them some very zealous and exact, have collected in this district for a considerable
time.
5. SOUTH-EASTERN Mexico, Chiapas, Tabasco. . Helicina ghiesbreghti, H. tenuis, H. oweniana, H. flotida, H. lirata.
6. YUCATAN. Helicina tenuis, H. arenicola.
7. British HonpvurRAs. Helicina dysoni.
8. NorrH-west GUATEMALA, Valley of the R. Usumacinta below Salinas. Helicina amena, H. tenuis, H. fragilis, H. oweniana, var., H. flavida. Schasicheila pannucea.
9. Nortu-east GuaTEMALA, Valley of the R. Polochic and of the R. Usumacinta above Salinas. Helicina amena, 1? ZH. sowerbyana, H. rostrata, H. tenuis, H. Fragilis, H. oweniana, var., H. flavida, H. chryseis, H. microdina. Schasicheila pannucea.
10. Sours GuateMata, Pacific slope. Helicina ghiesbreghti, H. tenuis, H. lirata. Schasicheila pannucea.
HELICINIDZ. 23
11. Honpuras. Helicina rhynchostoma, H. denticulata, H. sanguinea, H. dysoni, H. lirata, H. antoni, H, diaphana, H. exigua.
12. SALVADOR. None recorded hitherto.
18. Western NicaraGua, Pacific slope. None recorded hitherto.
14, Easrern Nicaracva, valley of the great lake and Caribbean slope. Helicina amena, H. rostrata, H. denticulata, H. tenuis, H. dysoni.
15. Costa Rica and the Stare or Panama, Pacific slope. Helicina ameena, var.
16. Costa Rica, Caribbean slope. 2 Helicina funcki, H. tenuis, H. flavida, var. beatrix, t H. lirata.
The present state of our knowledge permits us to come to the following probable conclusions :—
The regions drained into the Caribbean Sea are much richer in species than those of the Pacific slope, not only because they are also much more extensive, but also because they are more favoured by a moist climate.
The more northern part of Mexico has few really peculiar species.
Several species extend along the Caribbean side, from the State of Vera Cruz to Guatemala (Helicina fragilis, H. oweniana, Schasicheila pannucea); some even to Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Helicina amena, H. tenuis, H. flavida, H. lirata) ; Helicina dysoni from Belize to Nicaragua.
Helicina punctisulcata is peculiar to the Western slope of Central Mexico.
Helicina ghiesbreghti extends from Central Mexico (territory of the Laguna de Chapala) along the west coast (Chiapas?) to Guatemala, but does not seem to extend to the Caribbean side.
On the contrary, Helicina amena, H. tenuis, H. lirata, and Schasicheila pannucea seem to be common both to the Caribbean and Pacific shores, chiefly within Guate- mala.
Helicina rhynchostoma and H. funcki extend from Honduras and Costa Rica through the Isthmus of Panama to Colombia, H. lirata even from Vera Cruz to Venezuela. But no species is common to the continent of Mexico or Central America and the Caribbean islands (cf. H. flavida?).
The genus Schasicheila is limited to Eastern Mexico and Guatemala; Proserpina, on the contrary, is common to Eastern Mexico, the Caribbean islands, and Venezuela, and may therefore yet be found in the more southern parts of Central America.
MOLLUSCA.
24
*esopou
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25
HELICINA.
“B]BlNSULNS oJ9TOSqGO
‘oydiaosutnoato ssnqnpry ‘esnjqo sinuo} oarde *sBmpuoyT ¥¢ g “ oT[89 ‘esopouqns “B[nyetsys onbiygo | -ru ‘sudseynf-oaqny | ‘essoadep - ooprouooqns |i ttt “uf “eueyderp i #9 #9 BYE] *snqyy “sNpIq[B-1yu908 “*BYVPUNJOL ‘SIUILOJIIO ‘oorxoyy “| 6S ep &q ‘mnsuvdxe 19jz1A01q | -noyuep uUINs101}x0 | -UBysIP snqiTeatds stops | -eynT oA -OoUATBD | -OI}QNS “eoTOD-OsOgoTS [TTT ufy “BPROTNSOAwL & ‘oyd1.408 19) 8 ‘umnsuvd | -uInodI0 ossvao ‘eyepUINdATO snq ‘snow ‘oorxeyy “| «6G $8 OL | -xo ‘uInqzessetout-oso[[¥o | o[[vo “eyVNdIaqn} | -TAO] SNqTyULASTpqns sta, | -1UTeI4s [oA snouAvO "eS0QO[S-OoTUON |'""''****2unpyT ‘A “ByoUTOONS ‘ouljynued ‘ajue sa 8 #8 ‘wInxoy *suourtmoad ‘eyB[OoTTVUL Jo ~—s | UL vouINSues BNO ‘OoIxeyy “| =F L By -ol OAIg ‘UINyBSseJOUT | OU ‘e}eTNoA0qn} xtA | VyesTT ATJerIds oyeTosgo | -eu ‘snag opred *ByVUIqiny-osogoys | use “eyejou ‘snqnpur oyny snuqy \ ‘OOIXOT “i ap 9 ‘uansuVdxe 1071A0I1q “eyeyTopqns Isvq ‘BIVITS 1o}LAB[NSoaa1 |-efy Joa snpunoiqna “eyeuiqan} |977ng ‘erostpaoul ‘tes _—— ‘OOTXOTY “MA ‘Oorxopy “aT | &% Gg sa “ = “ “SnpIq]e-1yUe0seTtvO és “yy “eyeya ‘eA ‘—— “UaNT "suo ‘sinu “RTVUIOYENH “NT 9 &q “nosnixeped ‘tangesseioul | ‘opnurmoid opmsue |) ‘epngqeiays oumrsstynuiu | -soyny JOA snqjoqna | -9} “esoqo[s-oaprouoa |tttttt****** 7auopy ‘SITLSVay ) “ung “eqejound *SNOUIVd [OA "eqn \ ‘oolxeoyy | 9 $6 ST | -Te ‘unsuvdxe aoq1a01q “ 49 VYVIOLYS OULISsITYQns | snourmerjs oprt[ed | -snimuo} ‘voru0d-osogoys |'** ‘ufy ‘tuepuly ‘eA ‘—— ‘suOUISEp UINTN1y ‘snyelosey oyoT0S ‘smuo} ‘sedviyg 6 ZI "tunq]e ‘winsuedxe oyey | -Wop UI uINsdoajUE “eye[OoT[eur ‘enyeiaj}s | -qo snoutoo-oT[eqna ‘eyeutqany - osogols |ufy ‘sisuederyo “1a ‘ ‘snsaodspe-oq[e [aA snyelosejiq oysnd P 5 “eYLUNUL LULLOF “eplylU ‘STAw] -Ue eA cOTOOIUN ‘oosequy, 19 él él -Yuep = eryUeu: =| -qns «‘eyepoo]peU oA ‘snouivo opryped ‘sinue4 ‘eyepnsueqne ‘Oolxe “A ‘e[vmoyeny| Gg tL 8 a -twioid = ‘eyenore | vsopnsna = auTISSITYQns | Joa suprlavpy-TyUeta | osnyqo ‘esoqo{S-ooru0d |"7a/0py ‘BITVUAOA “1A ‘—— "sNYVIOsesIUN ‘TVA i « ByeyUEpqns ‘snqerloseji4ty O1q ‘uejywonz | 9 OL OL ‘manqye ‘unsuedxo | winsi0rjon = Ist, ,, « B[NFVIAYS XA ,, | -nt_ SNpiq]e-oaut090 *BSOQO]S-OOTUOD OYepo [TT ATT ‘sInt9} ‘TTejotred o[Nodeqn} = ‘uingenuT “eye eyeu g0oxeyy | g SI QI | -1s eusedns ‘umsuedxo ‘IUIIOJIJUSp Opou | -1148 Je}INUSY UNjeaIds -liwoqns ‘voruod-osogoys fe’ “ufg “esonuls ‘wanyenu “eqeULBoqns ‘yuwej}eny | [I cl Iz | -ts eusodns ‘wnsuedxo “BLOJIPOU “eyeoTNs wiyeaids ‘snqye | ‘stusojtqoot} ossoadep [tts cufg “euekqaomos
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, June 1890.
MOLLUSCA.
26
‘snyelosey WNp19} -ut ‘oaqna ooide snides ‘sueos
“eyTeULEyENy 9 f ‘cand -oqna Joa snprqye “eyenueldqns ‘oosequy, ‘Oolxey “| ~& &q $G -[e ‘uinsuedxo J0}1A01q ‘STULIOUL “eqenore | ‘eprytu ‘epnyeLys waryeatds| Joa snoyny opred | seq ‘vormoa-oyepungod | ayuayy “eptary ‘OART OT[BO : SuqBIO ‘stiojty | -sey snidas +: wy ‘OOIxoTT ‘M | FP $2) 6 ‘uunsuBdxe 10}TA0T “eyejnsueqns | -ound snqyurjstp stopns | -na vatds ‘sucoseyna | ‘vyetnsueqns “eaprouod |*** “qunp7 ‘a “eyeojnstyound ‘oyoomqns opnsue "gnyVSOLIBA “eyeTnsue ‘sempuoy | FT Z eg ‘mnynosnisuvdxo ‘onue} | ‘suepeded 10q1A0aq “eso[NSnA 1041A9] | ‘snoureo-1yUeose4nT] | 9J@[0Sqo ‘eoru0d-osoqoTs |*** (g‘anf ur) u/y7 ‘TaojUe “SH}0T ‘o}d1108 -osqo stpronqjed “WNXOPer -TUNDATIO ~—OssVAO -o9u0d sIpNoVUT “ueyeon XZ L JoyIAoIq §‘tUINyessBIOUT | OTTVo —‘eyeTNOAqQny “eyeLays Wiryeatids | ‘suoosoaep - Oprqie "goptouod ossordep |'******** 72407 “epooTueTe z “epry ‘epryjed vangns rg 6 i tan] *STULIO -1u ‘eyejooury enbitqo ‘snqvrosyjiun Oosny seaees { (amg ‘eestoyaq]) ‘OoIxoy "A | #¢ 89 8 -nosninue, ‘uinsuedxe | -ur ‘eyenore ‘stag | yo wiyeatds oumtssipyqns | onbuinaojd ‘sneyny “eS0qo[8-ooploucd Vqynyy “e[nyeorpop “eyepnsueqns “eyepNo ‘seanpuoy | $¢ #9 #01 ‘TUNyBIQVTqns ‘Uinzooer | ‘eyeyUep wMsAOT}UR ‘en}eLts-oyeyound ‘gnournSuvs | -1q10 ‘essordop-oeprouos |i" “uf “eoumnSues ‘uNXoPeL ‘Taneu “snalny “9L0 MT “eleuleyenyy 6 ‘10000 «= ‘UN BIqeTIq-qns ‘s1IvNsue é Joa ‘snutsy1o ‘snqye "egOqo]s-OoTUOD | “BUIOJSOUTNI0N “ABA * "BACT & p opred joa vaqre i Tpeanyns — BuoZ “pop af “eTBULOJENH | GC L 8 ‘maneyny ‘UINyesse1OUI “ “ ‘gUOOSOART - OOUTRO “"esOqols ‘guozouBe ‘BA ‘—— ¢ z “eqye Bany Y, 8 6 ‘TanoVTIyUBINeE ‘TINY ‘oyeTOsqo opNns “ernqerays waryeaids -ns ‘snpryiu ‘snow | “epeul-qeny ‘sedey9 | F L 8 -sndueqns ‘tunsuedxe x14 | -uv ‘xyenoae staodq | yo oenbritqo outisstiyqns | -ruresys Joa snpiqye “Bsoqo[S-ooruos | ttt uf “eueruemo ) ‘oydraosumno.a10 ‘uns =| osseatd OT[¥d “ens -eyepunyod ‘ojnu OOIXOWL “N | G By &T]_ | -wedxe xtA ‘uInjessesoul | -uvqzoor VUUTSSIAOTG ‘e[nyerjs | ‘snsopnoevut oqoposqo | -1moid eotde ‘essoadap |" "BMDP “a “sTTBet0q & g 18 Or "Osnyqo OTN1eqn4y Bye “eye[n3 ‘Oolxey “N.| Sp £9 g ‘tansuvdxe Jopiaodq | ‘strepnotpuedsedqns | -1448s wiyeads s9q1[HqQus ‘ovdo ‘snpiqre | -ue ‘eoprouoo osseadep |-***** ‘ssnoyy “eueosueanp ‘mw | "wo | ‘wo “BIE ‘qaody | 4Ty |‘ureiq *BU104STIOT “e[[oulnjoo sisegy *eanydjnog *10TOQ "eINSLT
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27
HELICINA.
"STAQT ‘eueueg | “ «“ “ . snqqns ‘eyeary = unqvards “ “ “MOG BY VLTYSTULOS “BA .—— - “Bywavoxo epunjosd ° 4 “Opr[ea O«eFUT e7top “BNQLIOTPITRA WlVeU.10} Isvq ‘eyepunjod ‘ByVA ‘seinpuoyT | Z aa p _ |‘ungeiqey-oqye ‘cansuvdxe ‘xoyduns | -7e star] ‘year, wUyeatds | ‘snqnprytu ‘snqpoqna | -opo xa vatids ‘essordop |w/fy ‘eyeyueprun ‘eA ‘—— : * <H “‘eyepnsue uoM ‘meywon X G-F f « * “sn][9qna-ooudoo | ‘eaprouod vids ‘essoadep |*7avopy*e[[oo1qysn4 ‘vA t “essoad “ejonzoue A ‘epeut an G g *OJo]OSGO OAOJUL “*EYVIT] O4LOJ -UlL I8¥q ‘eyBULIVd -oyeny ‘uvywon x ‘oorxepT |Z 8g 7 | oquep ‘umnsuvdxe to4ta0aq | ‘xoydunis ‘eurisstAortq | -u0d yo oynov wiyeatds ‘snpunoiqna | ‘eaprouos wards ‘essoadop [irre fg BqRaly *IOTyea *e[euleyEny p p *uunqoor ‘xopdurts “eyenoie “eyeit, wIyeatds | -nzes UINsans ‘snavy “eyensue ‘“eoruoo |-(g aul) "yavopy “eurpororut G y, 4 “eTep ‘sposnj-O1qna “eyensueqns Yost P40 “sBINPUOTT YstWUG | ¢E G 1-9 s "eyepnsur | -1y1u “emyelajs oyeposqo | Z stlosey ‘snpiqTe | ‘eoprouoo - osornqoysqus ‘qanod0q “Iva ‘ ‘svanpuoy | ZG } Gc 6 “ “ “eyE[NSUe ojouTysIp | 2vnpz ‘a ‘yuosuel “eA ‘—— | 2 *oyd 1108 “eno TF, 9 “wuny -wnadld = OpIq|® ‘stjsnsue -snisnyqo ‘eqeto vaids ‘seinpuoyy ‘(vjonzoue,) | F 9g 8 -NOSNIXoPet OUISSIAGIG | OT]VO ‘e}BouNAWqQnS ‘B[nqeiays | Z siiosey ‘snouteo| ‘voplouoa - oyepnorqao [terest uf7 Taosdp ) ‘wn4y “eye[Nsue ‘epemaqeny | ST Be g -equII]T oqye ‘umsuvdxe ‘eyenore | “e_nprfos ‘eyenueasqns ‘snAvp | ‘STULLOJITOOI] eynoV oyVTO [rr ttttt* sugsa4T, ‘steshayo . *sInUa4 ‘e7eT “e[Nyelt4s ‘snpron}jed -n8ue sjejosqo ‘efno *svInPUOFT z ‘a4 ‘enue, ‘xoydmts ‘siaodq | -oyejound sutissiqyqns| ‘snouzoo pred | -stirsngqo vatds ‘voiuoo |:***** (g*anl) uf ‘endrxe : “eyepnueyd ‘canovrjuBine ‘unsued "S[NIVLIYS OUTS Iseq ‘epnprjos “votuoad “Dp “a ‘OOlXOW “HL &9 6 -xo ‘UINyessBIOUT-OsoT][vO *xoidus | -stpqns enbiygo yo “t1ds | ‘snprqye-yueosoaep | -osogojsqns osseadop | ‘TyJAomeT}yNYs “ava ‘ *OOIXOT ‘OOBTJURING OT[VO “uqeny "(2 ByepNSueqns) “TN ‘seye1g poylug “q's g OL © | ‘wmoenueane ‘unsuedxe “SIMIIOUL ‘Byenore | -ound owIssI[Iyqns “epryiu ‘snavy | Suey ‘Bsoqgoys - CoTUOA |-""""* ‘wu ‘epeyoosAago *xopduis ‘entioy *B[NYVIAYS OULIS *BYBABOXO . OOLXOTL “HL & G ‘umynosnisuedxe XIA ‘sTAAQ | -sIyoTCSqO ‘sinus, ‘epratu *sUeO9SOINT-CoUIOD | Iseq “VyBpUNZO - ODTUOD [r*ttTTtTT TT ‘ufq “Bueltyout ‘sedeiyg c L ‘uinsuvdxe 104tAetq “é “ “SN PIA[N "eyRUIgANy-osogoys |'u/q ‘SLIqeTAedq “ava \ ‘oorxeyy “| £% ep-Sp |G “ “ ‘ *SNOTIVI-OALT "BS80QO[S-O9ptouod |" uf ‘TTeqoays ‘ABA — : “eqyR ‘OO1XOW “HT @P G ‘¢ “ “ einjns ‘snyNprara “eoplouod e779 | spbup ‘xI4yvoq “ava
28 MOLLUSCA.
HELICINA. Helicina, Lamarck, Prodr. p. 76 (1779).
I. Carinate.
1. Helicina ghiesbreghti. Helicina ghiesbreghti, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 381°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. li, p. 215°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 293, t. 277. fig. 432°. Helicina ghiesbrighti, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 27. fig. 242 *. Hab. C. Mexico: Irapuato, near Guanajuato (Hoge). S. Mexico: Chiapas 3 4 ( Ghiesbreght 1). S. Guatemata: El Reposo 8000 feet (Champion); San Francisco Miramar, Costa Cuca, Pacific slope, 2500 feet (Stol/).
2. Helicina amena.
Helicina amena, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1845, p. 119"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 73, p. 55, t. 8. figg. 18-15*; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. 1. p. 886°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 281‘; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 283°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ii. p. 292, t. 276. fig. 383°; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 649°; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xix., Helicina, t. 20. fig. 177°.
Helicina purpureo-flava, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 19 (1849) °.
Hab. Yucatan: Campeche (coll. Albers, ex mus. Heidelbergenst).
N. GuatemaLA: Provinces of Peten and Vera Paz (Morelet? 4°); Coban, Vera Paz (Salvin 57); San Juan, Sabo 2800 feet, Chacoj, and Panzos, all in the valley of the Polochic River (Champion); Teleman in the same valley, ascending plants (Stol/).
Honpuras 2° 4 (mus. Cuming 1), Honduras Bay © ®.
Var. a: minor (diam. 12, alt. 84 millim.), pallide flava.
Hab. Nicaracva (Janson).
Var. b: depressa (diam. 13, alt. 73 millim.).
Hab. S. Panama: Bugaba, W. of David (Champion).
Somewhat variable in colour; the rose-colour often prevails on the upper whorls, but is absent in several examples. The obtuse keel is often white; in other specimens of the same colour as the rest of the last whorl. Young examples are sometimes covered by a dirty coat of apparently foreign matter.
3. Helicina sowerbyana. Helicina sowerbiana, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1848, p. 124°. | Helicina sowerbyana, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 65, p. 50,
HELICINA. 29
t. 6. figg. 9,102; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 385°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 280°;
Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 292, t. 277. fig. 418°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 23. fig. 202 °.
Hab. Guatemata® (de Lattre}23 4). Not found by the later explorers. Very near the preceding, but larger and less angulated.
N.B.—A variety of Helicina concentrica (depressed, trochiform, spirally ridged above, sharply keeled) is quoted by Pfeiffer (P. Z. S. 1848, p. 120, and Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 400) as found near Mirador in Mexico by Galeotti; but as nobody else (neither Berendt and Strebel nor Hége) has found it in the province of Vera Cruz, or elsewhere in Mexico, I think it better not to admit this species among the Mexican ones. It is common in Venezuela. Mr. E. Smith has examined the specimen marked “Mirador” in the British Museum, and states that it is not the original to the figures 18, 19, t. 8, of Helictna in Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2.
4, Helicina cinctella.
Helicina cinctelta, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 304 (Diagn. no. 3°, p. 44) ; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 2157; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 21, t. 1a, and t. 2. figg. 13, a-d*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 298, t. 276. figg. 389, 390°.
Helicina cinctilla, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 21. fig. 182°.
Helicina botteriana, Pfr. in Malak, Blatt. xiii. p. 90 (1866)°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p- 279".
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova+ 5, Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod, Sallé, Hoge); Cerro: de
Plumas near Cordova (Hége) ; Mirador (Strebel *) ; Orizaba’ (Strebel *, Bottert °). N.W. Mexico, Tepic, State of Jalisco (W. B. Richardson).
Very variable in the relative height of the shell. Usually white, with a pale brown band above the keel; but in some examples this band disappears, and in others is extended on nearly the whole upper half of the last whorl.
H. botteriana, Pfr., is, according to the specimens in his collection, not even a variety, but coincides fully with H. cinctella.
5. Helicina rhynchostoma. Helicina rhynchostoma (Shuttl.), Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ili. p. 245 *; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii, p. 294, t. 277. figg. 429, 430°. Helicina rhyncostoma, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 27. fig. 240°. Hab. Honvvras: Island of Bonacca, bay of Honduras (Gauwmer). CotomBia, Campanera 3000 feet}. VENEZUELA 73,
This species, in its beaked peristome, approaches the following group.
30 MOLLUSCA.
Il. Rostrate.
6. Helicina rostrata.
Helicina rostrata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 17 (1851)'; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 8617; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 261°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 278. figg. 279, 280°‘; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 155°; Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159 (1870) °; Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 6497.
Helicina salvini, Trist. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 238, t. 26. figg. 9, 10°; Pfr. Novit. Conch. i. p- 202, t. 53. figg. 12-15°; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 174 (1862) *; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 245%.
Hab. N. Guatemaua: San Agustin Lanquin in Vera Paz’ *, in rocky localities (More- let1*); Vera Paz*5; Coban (Salvin™); Guatemala 8 9 10 11, Centr. Nicaragua: San Diego, in the savana region (Tate 6); Acoyapa (Belt),
The specimen from the last-named locality is somewhat smaller (diam. 12, alt. 10 millim.) than those from Guatemala.
7. Helicina denticulata. | Helicina denticulata, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1855, p. 1037; Novit. Conch. i. p. 84, t. 23. fige. 9, 10°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 208°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 273. fig. 2814; Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. vy. p. 159 (1870)°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xlx., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 157°. Hab. Honpuras 13 45 6, E. Nicaracua: Forests of Chontales, rare, ascending trees (Tate >).
Chiefly distinguished from H. rostrata by the denticulate suture.
Ill. Turbinate.
8. Helicina zephyrina.
Helicina turbinata (Wiegm.), Menke, Synops. Moll. p. 89 (1830) (without description)'; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 6-9 (1865) *; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 273. figg. 276-278° ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 8. fig. 63*; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 18, t. la & t. 2. fig. 6°.
Helicina turbinata, var. 2, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 46, p. 40, t. 9. fig. 31° .
Helicina zephyrina, Duclos, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1833, t. 217 (copied in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 48, p. 37, t. 4. figg. 16-18) °; Sow. Thes. Conch. i. p. 9, figg. 25, 27°, & iii. p. 288, t. 273. figg. 266-269 © (non Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 17. fig. 149); Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 268 ".
* This locality is quoted as “San Agostino ” by authors: it is, no doubt, the San Agustin Languin near Cahabon.
HELICINA. 31
Hab. BK. Muxico: Mexico 347 811 1617; Tampico (Hegewisch and Liebmann °) ; Jalapa (type of H. turbinata: Deppe & Schiede?; also Hoge, M. Trujillo, and F. D. Godman); Mirador, State of Vera Cruz, on shrubs and bushes, plentiful (Strebel 18) ; Cordova (Hége); Tejeria, only young specimens (Hége); Huatusco (Hille, coll. Dunker).
Var. a: elatior.
Helicina zephyrina (Duclos), Sow. Thes. Conch. i. fig. 118”; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 7,8”.
Helicina turbinata, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 87"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 46, p. 39, t. 4. figg. 18-15, t. 7. fig. 6°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 870°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 268; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 13, t. la. figg. 60, e, f™.
Hab. %.. Mexico: Papantla (Deppe & Schiede) ; Misantla and Mirador (Strebel 18) ; Rio
de Misantla (Ff. D. Godman); Cordova, with the preceding (Hége).
Var. b: excavato-angulata. Helicina behrendti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 178, t. 3. figg. 14, 15 (1862) *. Helicina berendti, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ili. p. 230”.
Hab. EB. Muxico: Vera Cruz 2° (Berendt }).
Var. c: minima (diam. 10, alt. 8-9 millim.). Helicina turbinata, var. minima, Strebel, loc. cit. pp. 14, 15, t. la. fig. 6d”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz, on bushes and shrubs—probably stunted by the aridity of the soil (Strebel 21).
The prevailing pattern of all the forms is a large pale reddish-brown band on the upper half of the last whorl; a row of small dark spots at the lower limit of this band is often seen on the upper whorls, and in some specimens also on the last, the band itself vanishing in proportion as these spots are conspicuous. Specimens without any band, of a uniform whitish or pale reddish colour, are found chiefly in the variety a.
The original specimen of Pfeiffer’s H. berendti exhibits no trace of irregularity and deformity, and it is therefore to be regarded as a distinct variety, characterized by the concavity and angularity of the last two whorls. Its exact locality is not known: probably it was established on a bleached specimen found on the sea-shore at Vera Cruz.
H. sandozi, Shuttl. (in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 303, Diagn. no. 3, p. 43, and Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 197), is a deformity of this species. Owing to the kind- ness of Prof. Th. Studer, I have been enabled to examine the original example in the late Mr. Shuttleworth’s collection; it proves to have been broken during life just behind the aperture, and to have restored itself, the newly formed peristome not meeting exactly the remains of the old near the columella, the slight inflection
39 MOLLUSCA.
which exists here * in every adult specimen of this species being thus enlarged toa distinct notch; also the projection of the lower end of the columella is somewhat stronger than in normal specimens, perhaps increased by new secretion during the restoring process. Surely it is neither an Alcadia, nor belongs to 1. tenuis.
H. turbinata is also quoted by Tate (Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159) as found in Nicaragua at Toro Rapids: 1 suppose this is an erroneous determination, as this Mexican species has never been found even in Guatemala, which has been explored by so many collectors; perhaps it was the common ZH. tenuis (vernalis).
9. Helicina sinuosa. Helicina sinuosa, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 191°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 94, p. 70, t. 10. figg. 7, 8°; Monogr. Pneum, Vivent. i. p. 369°; Gray,
Cat. Phaneropn. p. 267 *.
Hab. Mexico #4 (coll. Cuming } ?).
Not again found ; perhaps only an aberrant variety of the preceding.
10. Helicina deppeana. (Tab. I. fige. 7; 8, var.) Helicina turbinata, var., Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab, ed. 2, Helicina, no. 46, p. 40, t. 8. figg. 1, 2°. Helicina deppeana, v. Mart. in Monatsb. d. Berl. Akad. Novemb. 1863, p. 540°; Malak. Blatt. xu. p- 6, t. 1. figg. 11, 12 (1865) *°; Pfr. Monogr. Vivent. iii. p. 229 *. Helicina cordillere (part.), Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 273. fig. 270°. Hab. E. Mexico: Mexico 5, without nearer indication (Deppe??*); Jalapa (IZ. Trujillo); Soledad (Hoge); Yalalag, south of Villa Alta, State of Oaxaca (Hége).
Distinct from H. zephyrina by its broader, conical, subangulate form, and the some- what more prominent basal tubercle of the columella, by which the adjoining part of the lower edge of the aperture appears slightly notched. ‘The typical specimens collected by Deppe are unicolorous, somewhat worn (fig. 76); fresh ones from Yalalag are pale rose-colour, with white, more or less reticulated, lines and two rows of some- what darker spots, one below the suture, and one above the angle of the last whorl
(fig. 8).
11. Helicina cordillere. Helicina cordillere (Sallé), Pfr. in P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 823*; Monogr, Pneum, Vivent. ii. p. 193°;
Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 272. figg. 264, 265 (not t. 278. fig. 270)? ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. fig. 143* & t. 17. fig. 149.
* Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii. t. 268. fig. 96, and Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 3. fig. 20, represent, under the name of H. sinwosa, a distinct angulate shell with coarser sculpture, which is perhaps a similar deformity of another species.
HELICINA. 30
Hab. E. Mexico: on the volcano Orizaba 12,000 feet above the sca* (Sallé! 2); Mexico 3 4,
12. Helicina funcki, | Helicina funcki, Pfr. in P.Z. 8. 1848, p. 1217; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 37, p. 33, t. 9. figg. 1, 2°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 361°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ili. t. 273. fig. 27°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 17. fig. 152°. Helicina funki (sic), Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484, t. 40. fig. 7 (living animal) °. Helicina tuncki (sic), Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 261"; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Conch. ii. p. 302°. Hab. KE. Costa Rica: Talamanca, all the coast region and to the lower hills (Gabd °) ; Costa Rica (Carmiol) ; Cache (Rogers). Cotomsia 457, Santiago (Funck? 3, in coll. Cuming 1).
Variable in size. Gabb’s specimens are much larger than the type: according to the figure they are 18 millim. in diam., Pfeiffer’s original one being 13} wmillim.; Rogers's examples are 13-14, Carmiol’s scarcely 13 millim. Gabb’s specimens vary in colour from straw-yellow to orange ; those collected by Rogers have the upper half of the last whorl reddish, with fine reticulated white lines, and the lower half yellow, the preceding whorls being either reddish or yellow. In general size and aspect this species resembles H. zephyrina; but differs from it in its peristome being narrow and more straight above, and rapidly increasing in width towards the periphery of the whole shell.
13. Helicina chrysocheila.
Helicina chrysocheila, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of the United States, ii. p. 354, t. 74. fig. 4 (1851) '; Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p, 13, t. 18. fig. 24 (1869) *; Binney, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. Am. pt. 3 (Smithson. Miscell. Coll. vii. no. 144), p. 110 (with woodcut) (1865) °; Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. iv. t. 74. fig. 4 (as above) (1878); Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 197‘; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 33. fig. 294°.
Hab. 8.K. Unttep States: Texas 2 3 5,
N.E. Mexico: Tamaulipas (Couch); Tampico ?; Mexico 25.
Var. n. shutilewortht. (H. chrysocheila, Tab. I. fig. 13.) Helicina chrysocheila, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 303 (Diagn. no. 3. p. 43) °; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 203.
Hab. ¥. Mexico, Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod ®*).
Pfeiffer regards H. chrysocheila, Binney, as without doubt distinct from H. chryso- cheila, Shuttl.; the latter was published a year later, and the coincidence of the names may be fortuitous. But on comparing Binney’s descriptions and figures with Shuttle-
* The height of this mountain exceeds 16,000 feet. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, June 1890. 5
84 MOLLUSCA.
worth’s original specimen, there are very few differences: chiefly the more elevated figure of the former [diam. 10, height 8 millim., Binney (1865); diam. 9, height 63 millim. according to Shuttleworth—Binney’s figure, t. 74. fig. 4, is, therefore, somewhat magnified]. I have never seen Binneyan specimens.
Binney ! and Pfeiffer 4 give “‘ United States (?) ” as the locality.
14. Helicina tenuis.
Helicina ambeliana, Sow. Thes. Conch. i. t. 1. fig. 19 (and fig. 26?) (nec Boissy) *.
Helicina tenuis, Pfr. in P. Z.S. 1848, p. 124? [nec C. B. Adams, Contribut. to Conchol. 1. p. 14 (1840) *]; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 47, p. 40, t. 7. figg. 38, 34°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 372*; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 269°.
Var. Helicina vernalis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 20 (1849)°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent, i. p. 8727; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 96, p. 71, t. 10. figg. 12-14°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 269°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 273. fig. 273"; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 649”.
Var. Helicina chiapensis, Pfr. in P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 880"; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 198 "3 Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 272. figg. 255, 256™.
Helicina chiappensis (sic), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 110”.
Var. Helicina lindeni, Pfr. in P. Z. S. 1848, p. 123"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 67, p. 52, t. 8. figg. 25, 26 (not good)’; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 388%; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 282"; Sow. Thes. Conch. ii. t. 272. figg. 258-260 (not t. 278. fig. 270, nor t. 278. fig. 409, nor the description) *; Tristr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 2337; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 112”; Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484°.
Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: Sayula in Jalisco, Irapuato near Guanajuato (Hoge).
E. Mexico: Soledad, between Cordova and Orizaba (banded specimens) (H@ge) ; Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 51415 2022 (77. tenuis, var. B; Pfeiffer *).
S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 2 18) (normal and variegated specimens) ; Teapa and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (Hoge, H. H. Smith); Tapinapa (Lin- den 16 18 19),
Yucatan 5 (coll. Cuming *).
N. Guatemata: Province of Peten’®%, in the woods (Morelet °); dense forests of Cubilguitz, valley of the River de la Pasion (Champion); Coban (Salvin 1"): San Gerénimo and the neighbouring mountains in Vera Paz (Salvin 21); Panzos, Chacoj, and San Juan, all in the valley of the Polochic River, Purula (Cham- pion) ; Guatemala 1°.
S. Guatemata: Totonicapam Mountains 8500 to 10,500 feet (small variety) ; El Reposo 800 feet, Las Mercedes 3000 feet, Cerro Zunil 4000 feet, San Isidro 1600 feet, all on the Pacific slope; Zapote, on the slope of the Volcan de Fuego (Champion).
* This belongs to the genus Trochatella.
HELICINA. 30
NicaRacua (Janson: young specimens). Probably also Toro Rapids, in the woods (Gabb: H. turbinata, Angas, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159). Costa Rica (Gadd 23).
This species has a wider geographical distribution than most others of the genus Helicina. It is easily recognizable by the thin shell and the sharp tooth-like projec- ~ tion at the base of the columella. In size and colour it is variable. Most specimens are unicolorous—pale yellowish, greenish, or reddish ; but many have two reddish-brown bands, one near the suture, and one below the periphery. More variegated specimens, speckled with white, are before me from Teapa in Tabasco, and Cerro Zunil, Las Mercedes, and Chacoj in Guatemala. Sometimes the apex is vividly rose-coloured.
In Guatemala Mr. Champion captured examples of it on both the Atlantic and
Pacific slopes, at elevations from a little above the sea-level to 4000 feet; also at ' Totonicapam, in the Los Altos region, at a much greater altitude.
15. Helicina fragilis.
Helicina fragilis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 17 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 368’, & ii. p. 195°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 266°.
Var. Helicina elata, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 304 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 44) °; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 201 °.
Var. Helicina merdigera (Sallé), Pfr. in P. Z.S. 1855, p. 1027; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 202 ° ; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 243, 244 (magnified) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. fig. 140".
? Helicina, nov. spec., Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 19, t. la. figg. 12, 12a, & t. 2. figg. 12, 12a”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod®*°); Vera Cruz
(Sallé7 8); Vera Cruz, dead specimens found on the beach (Strebel 11) ; Mexico 9 1°. W. Mexico: Omilteme in the Sierra Madre del Sur, State of Guerrero, 8000 feet (#7. H. Smith). N. GuateMa.a : Province of Peten 24, in the woods, under decayed leaves (Morelet ') ; .Teleman, in the valley of the Polochic (Stoll, Champion); Purula 4000 feet (Champion).
I have compared Shuttleworth’s typical specimen of H. elata, from Cordova, with Stoll’s Guatemalan example, and the only differences I can find are, that the latter is a little larger, more intensely coloured, and has a somewhat broader peristome.
This species resembles H. tenuis, but is much smaller. From H. flavida it is distinct by the dentiform prominence at the base of the columella, resembling that of Z. tenuis.
Strebel’s unnamed species !! is closely allied, but somewhat larger and less elevated ; the drawing of the base of the columella, seen from below, agrees exactly with Shuttle- worth’s and Pfeiffer’s specimen of H. elata.
5*
36 MOLLUSCA.
16. Helicina succincta, sp. n. (Tab. I. figg. 6; 9, var.)
Testa globoso-conoidea, leviter spiratim sulcata, albida vel pallide rufescens, fusco-variegata; anfr. 5, con- vexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus prope aperturam basi planulatus, angulo valde obtuso prope aperturam evanescente cinctus; apertura diagonalis, triangulari-rotundata, peristomate incrassato, breviter expanso, albo, margine columellari subperpendiculari, in tuberculum subrectangulum terminato, callo crasso, parvo,
circumscripto. Diam. maj. 9-10, min. 73-9, alt. 84-10 millim. ; apert. diam. 4-43, alt. obliqua 5-6 millim. (fig. 6).
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé, Hége) (fig. 6).
Var. minor, diam. 8, alt. 63 millim., rufescens, fusco-strigata (fig. 9).
Hab. EF. Mexico: Cuesta de Misantla (Mateo Trujillo) (fig. 9); Tlacolula, between Las Vigas and Misantla (Hége).
Rather near H. arenicola, especially as regards the form of the peristome and colu- mella ; but of larger size, with more elevated spire, remarkably coarser spiral structure, and more reddish coloration. As the localities are also well separated, and I have seen no intermediate forms, I feel obliged to keep them distinct; it is possible, how- ever, that when additional examples are obtained they may prove to run one into the other.
17. Helicina raresulcata.
Helicina raresulcata, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 173 (1861); Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 228°, & iv. p. 269°; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 19, t. la. fig. 9, & t. 2. fige. 9, 9a’. |
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Berendt!*); Vera Cruz, on the plain inland of the sand-
hills, on the leaves and stalks of a stinging shrub called “ mala muger ” (Strebel *).
18. Helicina arenicola. Helicina arenicola, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 211; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch,-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 99, p. 78, t. 10. figg. 24-277; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 366°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 265*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 286, t. 271. fig. 303°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 28. fig. 250°.
Hab. N. Yucatan : Sisal, in sandy localities * 4 (Morelet 1).
The habitat “Cuba” quoted by Sowerby® and Reeve® is erroneous; Morelet described in the same pamphlet! several Cuban species, but to this he expressly
attributes the locality given above.
19. Helicina punctisulcata, sp. n. (Tab. I. fig. 10.)
Testa conoidea, subangulata, sulcis tenuibus subdistantibus punctiferis sculpta, nitidula, rufescens, interdum fusco-fasciata, subtus pallidior ; spira conica, rufa; apertura diagonalis, triangulari-semicircularis, peri- stomate incrassato, leviter expanso, albo, margine columellari brevi, subperpendiculari, basi subangulato, callo parvo, flavo.
Diam. maj. 9, min. 73, alt. 7} millim.; apert. diam. 44, alt. obliqua 4 millim.
pose)
HELICINA. 37
Hab. W. Mnxico: Omilteme 8000 feet, on the Sierra Madre del Sur, State of Guerrero, Pacific side of the main Cordillera (H. H. Smith). |
The suture of the upper whorls appears in some specimens slightly crenulated.
20. Helicina durangoana. Helicina durangoana, Mousson, in Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 218. t. 9. fig. 8 (1883) *. Helicina, sp., Binney, Land~ and Freshwater Shells of N. Am. pt. 3 (Smithson. Miscell. Coll. vii. no. 144), p. 116, with woodcut (shell, operculum, and radula) (1865) *.
Testa turbinato-conoidea, subangulata, superne leviter spiratim sulcata, albida, nitidiuscula ; spira conica ; anfr, 53, convexiusculi; apertura paullum obliqua, rotundato-triangularis, peristomate breviter expanso, albo, superne subsinuato, basali tenui, margine columellari subobliquo, basi in tuberculum prominulum terminato, extus foveolato, callo parvo, crasso, diffuso.
Diam. maj. 10, min. 84, alt. 8 millim.; apert. diam. 54, lat. 44 millim.
Hab. Cuntran N. Mexico: Sierra Madre (Xantus!); Ventanas, in the State of
Durango 2000 feet (Forrer).
Approaches somewhat H. sowerbyana, Pfr., but is much smaller and more conically elevated, and may be better joined to a Mexican than to a Guatemalan series.
lV. Delicatule.
Globoso-conicee, flavee, minutim striatule, parve, nitide.
21. Helicina delicatula.
Helicina delicatula, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 803 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 48)*; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 193”.
Helicina heloise (Sallé), Pfr. in P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 322, t. 35. fig. 17°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. -p. 202*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 272. figg. 253, 254°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 111 (magnified) °.
Helicina flavida, var., Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 17, t. 1a. figg.10c, d, t. 2. fig. 1057. |
Hab. ¥:. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod | 2, Sallé* 4, Hoge) ;
Vera Cruz (Strebel); Mexico 5°®, S. Central Mexico: San Carlos, east of Oaxaca (Hége).
Var. albida, peristomate crassiore.
Hab. Ki. Mexico: Atoyac hills, near Cordova, Vera Cruz (fHége).
One of the handsomest species, glossy yellow, with or without a red-brown, more or less broad band. I have compared Shuttleworth’s original specimen : it is somewhat worn (and is, therefore, not so glossy as fresh ones) and several lines of growth are rather strongly marked, which explains Shuttleworth’s: words “obsolete et grosse plicatula” ; in other respects there is no appreciable difference.
In the variety the whole shell is somewhat thicker, white, with or without band; the callus in the banded specimen is orange. .
38 MOLLUSCA.
92. Helicina oweniana. (Tab. I. figg. 11, 12.)
a. genuina : subelate conoidea, pallida, peristomate aurantio; subinde unifasciata (fig. 12).
Helicina oweniana, Pfr. in P. Z. S. 1848, p. 128'; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 48, p. 40, t. 7. figg. 35, 36°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 373° (excl. var.) & ii. p. 199; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 270°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 241, 242°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. figg. 144°.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 1234); Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
b. coccinostoma: globoso-conoidea, alba, citrina vel fulva absque fasciis, peristomate coccineo.
Helicina coccinostoma, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 19 (1849)"; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 289, t. 273. figg. 295, 296°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 20. fig. 173 (magnified) °*.
Helicina oweniana, var. 6, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 373°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p- 270".
Hab. N. Guatemata: Province of Peten 4! (Morelet 7 1°).
c. anozona : subglobosa, rubescens vel fulvescens, zona suturali pallida, peristomate luteo (fig. 11).
Helicina oweniana, Tristr. in P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 233.
Helicina anozona, v. Mart. in P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 649.
Hab. N. AND CenTRAL GUATEMALA: Coban (Salvin 1213) ; Cubilguitz, Northern Vera Paz (Champion) ; Teleman, in the valley of the Polochic River (Stol/).
These three forms can be well distinguished in the majority of specimens ; but there are _ also some others which are intermediate between them, either in colour or in shape. All those I have seen have a similar fine sculpture.
23. Helicina notata. Helicina notata (Sallé), Pfr. in P. Z. S. 1856, p. 328, t. 35. figg. 18-20"; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 203°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iil. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 2389, 240°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix.,
Helicina, t. 81. fig. 276 *.
Hab. E. Muxico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé1?); Atoyac (Hoge); Mexico 3 4,
Easily recognizable by a peculiar dark red spot on the back of the penultimate whorl above the suture, the rest of the shell being unicolorous yellow. The specific name probably refers to this mark; but it is not even mentioned in Pfeiffer’s descrip- tion, although visible in the specimens in his collection. The malleated surface is somewhat like that of many specimens of H. tenuis; the spiral ridges bring it near to HH. succincta.
24. Helicina flavida. Helicina flavida, Menke, Synops. Moll. ed. 1, p. 79 (1828) *, ed. 2, p. 182 (1830)?; Sow. Thes. Conch. i. p. 9, t. 3. figg. 117, 184°, & iil. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 283-236'; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 52, p. 42, t. 1. figg. 31, 82, & t. 5. fige, 28-
HELICINA. 39
30°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 376°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 2727; v. Mart. in Malak. Blitt. xii. p. 10 (1865) *°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 233-236°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. fig. 145°; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 16 (excl. var.), t. 1 a, figg. 10, 10a, 108, & t. 2. fig. 10%.
? Helicina ambieliana, de Boissy, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1835, t. 68”; Potiez et Michaud, Galerie d. Moll. i. p. 228. t. 23. fig. 2.
Helicina trossula, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 19 ™.
Var. Helicina strebeli, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 173 (1861) %; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p- 2382"°; Strebel, loc. cit. p. 18, t. la & t. 2. fig. 117.
Var. Helicina brevilabris, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 380; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 204”; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 33. fig. 296 (magnified) *°.
Hab. Ceytrau Mexico: Cuernavaca (H. H. Smith).
E. Mexico: Papantla (Deppe & Schiede*®); Vera Cruz and Misantla (Strebel 1) ; Mirador (Berendt * 16; Strebel 16 1”); Cordova, Atoyac, and Cuesta de Misantla (Hoge) ; Tabasco (Hage); Teapa and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (H. H. ree
S.E. Mexico: Chiapas 2° (Ghiesbreght 18 19).
N. GuaTEMALA: Province of Peten? (Morelet 4); Coban (Salvin) ; Senahu, north of the Polochic Valley (Champion); Guatemala 4? 1°,
Var.: viridula, elatior.
Helicina beatriz, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484, t. 40. fig. 13”. Hab. Costa Rica: on the hills, up to an elevation of 2500 feet (Gadd 21).
The general colour is very variable in this species—whitish, yellow, pale red, or even somewhat greenish,—often without band, often with a narrow one, few specimens with a broad one like H. heloise. H. beatriz seems to be somewhat more elongate; its colour approaches that of H. anozona; a similar coloration—greenish, the penultimate whorl red—is also seen in specimens from Misantla, the form of which is that of the typical flavida.
Some of the older conchologists ®7 1? give also Jamaica, Cuba, and the island of Tobago as habitats of this species; but these assertions are not corroborated by later researches. J. trochulina, Orb., from Puerto Rico and ? Cuba, is, indeed, nearly allied, but remarkably thinner, almost diaphanous, and more elongate.
V. Elate trochiformes.
25. Helicina chryseis. (Tab. I. fig. 14.) Helicina chryseis, Tristr. in P.Z. 8. 1861, p. 233°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p, 238°.
Hab. GUATEMALA: mountain-forests of Vera Paz? (Salvin +).
Distinguished from the other small yellow conoidal species by the distinct angulation and the dull somewhat rough (not glossy) surface.
40 MOLLUSCA.
VI. Depresse. 26. Helicina borealis, sp.n. (Tab. I. fig. 15.)
Testa depressa, subleevis, striatula, alba, superne maculis griseis biseriatis plus minusve obsoletis picta; spira breviter conoidea, apice prominulo ; anfr. 5, ultimus rotundatus, infra paullo magis convexus ; apertura parva, valde semicircularis, peristomate incrassato, brevissime expanso, margine columellari brevi, sub- perpendiculari, in angulum prominulum terminata, callo crasso, cireumscripto.
Diam. maj. 10-12, min. 83-9, alt. 7 millim.; apertura diam. 43-5, lat. 5-53 millim.
Hab. N. CuntraL Mexico: Villa Lerdo in Durango, in an open country with patches of Mimose (Hége).
Approaches in form H. guadelupensis, Sow.
27. Helicina sanguinea. | Helicina sanguinea, Pfr. in P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 124°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 10, p. 17, t. 8. figg. 20, 21°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 345°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 249°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ili. p. 292, t. 275. fige. 364, 865°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 20. figg. 178°.
Hab. Honpuras ®® (Dyson ® 4).
28. Helicina dysoni. Helicina dysoni, Pfr. in P.Z. 8. 1848, p.121*; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helcina, no, 63, p. 49, t. 3. figg. 36-39? ; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 384°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 278%.
Hab. VENEZUELA : Cumana (Dyson 3),
Var. a: minor.
Helicina dysoni, vars. B-6, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p- 884°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, no. 63, p. 49, t. 8. figg. 27-32°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p- 286, t. 271. figg. 218, 214”.
Hab. Honpuras’ (Dyson).
Var, b: subglobosa, Helicina bocourti, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch, xvii. p. 251 (1869) * Hab. British Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt ®),
Var. ¢, jansoni, v. Mart.: distincte angulosa (diam. maj. 5, alt. 4, apert. 2 millim.) (Tab. I. fig. 16.) Hab. Honpuras: Island of Bonacca, Bay of Honduras (Gauwmer).
The type is stated to be from Cumana, Venezuela, by Dr. Pfeiffer 1 3, According to Mr. Bland the same species occurs also on the island of Trinidad, on the coast of Venezuela, and has been described by J. L. Guppy [Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xiv.
HELICINA. 4]
(1864), p. 247, and (3) xvii. (1866), p. 47] as H. barbata. Ihave seen no Venezuelan specimens,
Sowerby’s figures 217 & 218, Thes. Conch. iii. t. 271, of a shell from the island of St. Thomas, and Reeve’s fig. 250, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 29, seem not to belong to this species, as they are too much pointed at the tip.
VII. Spiratim lirate, unidentate. (Poenia, H. & A. Adams.)
29. Helicina lirata. (Tab. I. fig. 18, showing anim.) Helicina lirata, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 150’; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 6, p. 14, t. 4. figg. 40-43 °; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 341° & un. p. 180*; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 246°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 281, t. 268. figg. 88, 89°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 14. fig. 1217; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 21, t. 1a, & t. 2. figg. 8, 8a"; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 413°. Helicina lyrata, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484°. Helicina unidentata (Pfr.), Sow. loc. cit. t. 268. fig. 87"'; Reeve, loc. cit. t. 14. fig. 122”. Hab. E. Muxico: Vera Cruz, at the ‘“bajadas,” on the ground beneath shrubs (Strebel 8). S.& S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght +) ; Teapa and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (H. H. Smith). Yooatan °7 (Hegewisch 135), N. GUATEMALA: mountain forests of Vera Paz (Salvin ®). S. GuaTEeMALA : Retalhuleu, in the woods, on the ground, never ascending plants (Stol/). Venezve.a (Tams, Engel, and Starke, in mus. Berol.).
Var. Helicina rusticella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 21 (1849) *. Helicina unidentata, var., Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 341“; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 246”.
Hab. Yucatan: Island of Carmen, in the Gulf of Campeche (Morelet 13141).
Var. Helicina unidentata, Pfr. in P.Z. S. 1848, p. 124°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 5, p. 14, t. 9. figg. 14-17'7; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 341; Gray, Cat.
Phaneropn. p. 346 °. Hab. Wonrpuras (Dyson 16 17),
Var. Helicina semistriata, Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 281, t. 268. fig. 86%; Tate, in Am. Journ.
Conch. v. p. 159 (1870) *. Hab. N. Panama: Boca del Toro, Chiriqui, in the woods and coco-nut groves (@abb"). It seems that the distinction between the above-named species cannot be maintained.
According to Pfeiffer’s original figures, H. wnidentata is rather flat and more rounded BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 6
42 MOLLUSCA.
than H. lirata, and the spiral ridges are said to be alternately weak and strong in H. unidentata 38; but the specimens in Pfeiffer’s collection show no remarkable differ- ence from H. lirata. Sowerby’s and Reeve’s H. unidentata do not agree at all with Pfeiffer’s; they are even somewhat more elevated than their H. lirata.
H. semistriata is said to be smooth below; but HA. lirata, H. unidentata, and H. rusticella are conspicuously glossy and only faintly ridged on the under surface.
VIL. Dubious Helicine.
Of small size, with thin straight peristome (/desa, H. & A. Adams): these, perhaps, representing only the young state of other species.
_ Helicina antoni. Helicina antoni, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 88°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 55, p. 44, t. 5. figg. 85-38°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 377°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 273*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 285, t. 270. fig. 181 (male)’; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 19. fig. 165 °.
Hab. Honpuras °° (Dyson 1? 4).
Helicina diaphana. Helicina diaphana, Pfr. P.Z.S8. 1850, p. 98'; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 384°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 279°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ili. p. 291, t. 275. fig. 341*; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 28. fig. 251°.
Hab. Honpuras *° (Dyson ! 23).
Helicina exigua. Helicina exigua, Ptr. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 121°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 353°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 255° (nec H. exigua, Homb. & Jacq.).
Hab. Honpuras (Dyson } 23).
Helicina microdina. Helicina microdina, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 18 (1851)’; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 854°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 256°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz?, common (Morelet ! 2),
Helicina mohriana. Helicina mohriana, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 172 (1861)'; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 2197
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba? (Mohr ').
SCHASICHILA. 43
SCHASICHILA. Schasicheila, Shuttleworth, in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 301 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 41). Near Helicina, but covered with a thick dark periostracum forming spiral rows of membranaceous rays; upper edge of the aperture obliquely cut off; umbilical callus small; operculum pointed above and below, the lower point overtopping the edge of
the aperture. Nearly peculiar to Mexico and Central America; only an aberrant species on the
Bahama Islands.
Series lacini Nomen. ee periostraci, um Forma. Anfr. supp. Diam. Alt. Patria. : millim. millim. nicoleti, Shutil. .... 3 subangulata. non convexi. 15-17 | 10-124 | E. Mexico. pannucea, Morel. ..| parum distincte. ” » 10-12 8-9 | E. Mexico; Gua- temala. alata, Pfr. ........ 4-5 rotundata. convexi; sutura 10 8-9 E. Mexico. profunda.
1. Schasichila nicoleti. Schasicheila nicoleti, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 302 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 42)1; Pfr. Novit. Conch. i. p. 89, t. 25. figg. 7-9°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 220°. Helicina nicoleti, Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 280, t. 267. fig. 67 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 109. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod!*, Sallé*); Cerro
de Plumas, near Cordova, Jalapa (Hége).
M. Nicolet, in La Chaux de Fonds, Neufchatel, gave specimens of this shell to Shuttleworth in the year 1845.
2. Schasichila pannucea.
Helicina pannucea, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 21 (1849)’; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 369, footnote*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 267. figg. 68, 69°.
Schasicheila pannucea, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 301 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 41) *.
Schasichila pannucea, v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 649 °.
Helicina alata (Sow.), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 107 °.
Schasicheila alata, H. & A. Adams, Gen. rec. Moll. ii. p. 306, t. 87. figg. 6, 6a (operculum)’ ; Tristr. P. Z. 8S. 1863, p. 412°.
Hab. N. Cuntrat Mexico: Aguas Calientes (£dége). E. Mexico: Jalapa (Hége). N. Guatemata: San Luis, province of Peten(Morelet 17); Coban, Vera Paz (Salvin ® §); Senahu, in the mountains north of the Polochic valley (Champion). S. GuatemMaLA: El Reposo 800 feet, above Champerico, Pacific slope (Champion). 6*
44 MOLLUSCA.
3. Schasichila alata. Helicina alata (Menke), Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 87 1. Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 54, p. 43, t. 5. figg. 18-207; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 368 °, ii. p. 221‘; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 267°; Sow. Thes. Conch. t. 267. figg. 65, 66 *. Schasicheila alata, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 301 (Diagn. no. 8, p. 41) *. Helicina (Schasicheila) alata, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 10 (1865) °. Schasichila alata, Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 23, t. 4. fig. 7 - Helicina pannucea, Reeve, Conch, Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 108 (nec Morelet) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Mexico (Menke 134°); Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé**, Hoge) ; Vera Cruz (Friedel 8) ; Mirador and San Cristobal near Orizaba (Strebel); Atoyac (H. H. Smith); Jalapa (Hége).
PROSERPINA.
Procerpena, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840, p. 90. Proserpina, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. ed. 1842, p. 90; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 18.
Shell depressed, with basal callus as in Helicina ; peristome simple, inner margin ending in a plait; revolving lamelle inside the aperture. No operculum.
Subgen. Ceres: Superne sculpturata, carinata ; faux utrinque trilamellata.
| Nomen. Spira. Coloratio. Sculptura supera. Diam. maj. Alt. | Patria. millim, | millim. | eolina, Ducl. ....| subplana. pallide aurantia, cuti- | rugulis confertis, antror-| 23-24 9 10 | E. Mexico. cula albescente. sum descendentibus. | salleana, Gray ..| conoidea. ” striis aperture parallelis, | 22-23 12 | E. Mexico. subgranulosis. Subg. Prosrrprnetta: Utrinque polita, non carinata; lamella 1 parietali. |
cula.
| berendti, Bland...| convexius- alba. | ad suturam plicatula. 3 13 E. Mexico.
The whole genus confined to the islands and shores of the Caribbean Sea and Mexican Gulf; the two subgenera peculiar to E. Mexico.
Subgenus Ceres, Gray. Ceres, Gray, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 102.
1. Proserpina (Ceres) eolina. Carocolla eolina, Duclos, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1833 (dated 1834), Class V. t. 30* (copied in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 11, t. 100. fig. 10). Odontostoma (Carocolla) eolinum, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 117.
PROSERPINA. 45
Proserpina eolina, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 290°. Ceres eolina, Gray, P. Z.S. 1856, p.102*; Pfr. P.Z. S. 1856, t. 35. figg. 28, 24°; Novit. Conch. i. p. 92, t. 25. figg. 1-3 °. Ceres eolina, Pfr. Monogr. Auric. Vivent. p. 168’. Hab. E. Mexico: Mexico 3 (Férussac*), State of Vera Cruz (Sallé1); Cerro de Plumas, near Cordova (fHége).
2. Proserpina (Ceres) sallezana. Ceres salleana, Gray, P.Z.S. 1856, pp. 100, 102 (woodcut of the radula)*; Pfr. Monogr. Auric. Vivent. p. 168°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 295 °. Proserpina (Ceres) salleana, Pfr. P Z. 8. 1856, p. 322, t. 35. figg. 21, 22*; Novit. Conch. i. p. 93, t. 25. figg. 4-6°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz, in dense woods under leaves (Sallé 17° *); Huatusco, barranca de Dos Puentes (Mohr*); Cerro de Plumas, with the preceding and in greater number (/dége).
Colour on the whole and disposition of the lamelle quite the same as in the pre- ceding ; perhaps only a sexual difference.
Subgen. PRosERPINELLA, Bland. Proserpinella, Bland, Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. p. 157 (1865).
3. Proserpina (Proserpinella) berendti. Proserpinella berendti, Bland, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. p. 157, fig. 2 (1865)*; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 11, t. 4. fig.5°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p- 297°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador, Atlantic slope, 3000 to 4000 feet (Berendt | 3, Strebel),
GASTROPODA PULMONATA MONOICA.
Sexes united. No operculum.
STYLOMMATOPHORA.
Two pairs of feelers, the eyes on the tip of the upper ones.
Fam. AGNATHA.
No jaw. Teeth of the radula aculeiform, in oblique rows, median tooth very small or absent.
46 MOLLUSCA.
STREBELIA. Strebelia, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvi. p. 90 (1868).
Shell cornet-like, paucispiral, subcylindrical, smooth, shining ; aperture large ; inner edge of the aperture simple, arcuated; columella thin, not truncate. Animal three times the length of the shell, warty, with a median furrow on the back; no labial palps. Teeth of the radula pointed, with a blunt prominence at the inner side; middle tooth present.
Only one species.
1. Strebelia berendti. Physella berendti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 71, t. 1. figg. 1-4 (1861)*; Berendt, ibid. xii. p. 207°; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii. p. 73, fig. 118°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 40%. Strebelia berendti, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvi. p. 90 (1868)’; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, p. 12, t. 1. figg. 1, la, 6°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 3, t. 4. fig. 1’, iii. pp. 5, 9, t. 1. figg. 1-10, t. 2. figg. 1-11 (anatomy) *. Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador and Coscomatepec, at the roots of trees (Berendt, Strebel, and Sartorius!~7); Pacho near Jalapa, in a wood, beneath rotten leaves and moss on the ground (Dota Estefania *); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality
(Hoge).
GLANDINA.
Glandina, Schumacher, Essai N. Syst. p. 202 (1817); Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 27 (1852). Polyphemus, Montf. 1810 (nec O. Fr. Miller, 1785) ; Cochlicopa, Fér. 1821, part.; Oleacina (Bolten, inedit. 1798), Gray, 1847.
Shell oblong or ovate, more or less fusiform, imperforate, usually with granulate or costulated sculpture, which is more distinctly expressed in the upper part of the whorls below the suture, with a thin fugacious periostracum (epidermis); mostly unicolorous. Aperture elliptico-oblong, much narrower above, the outer margin simple; columella arcuated forwards and abruptly truncate below. Living animal elongated in its fore part; eye-peduncles ending in a swelling, which is obliquely inflexed and prolonged beyond the eyes; rather long labial palps, besides the four feelers. Teeth of the radula narrow, spiniform ; a small median tooth. Carnivorous, nocturnal.
Good figures of the living animal and an account of its anatomy are to be found in Fischer & Crosse’s Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 70-82, t. 3. fig. 2a, & t. 2. fig. 12 a; and in H. Strebel’s Beitr. z. Kenntniss der Fauna Mexik. Land- und Siisswasser- Conchylien, iii. pp. 35-44, t. 10. figg. 8-17, tabb. 11, 13-21, 22. fig. 1. |
_ The distinction of sections and species is remarkably difficult in this genus, as the general shape is somewhat inconstant in the same species, and the characters taken
GLANDINA. 47
from the sculpture, the varices, and the columella, good as they are in themselves, show many degrees of variation according to the different species. The sculpture consists generally of vertical (longitudinal) plaits, riblets, or striz, crossed by spiral impressed furrows. If both are strongly expressed, the sculpture may be termed “ plexa” (braided); in some species the spiral furrows are very weak, scarcely discernible under an ordinary lens, and in others they seem to be wanting throughout. It is not easy to clearly describe these gradations in a few words, and therefore only the extremes are mentioned in the adjoining table. The varices are interruptions of growth, marked by an impres- sion and by colour, either a dark streak alone or a dark streak preceded by a pale one: they are very distinct and numerous in some species, more or less rare and obsolete in others; so that it is not at all satisfactory to form two sections in this genus by the presence or absence of varices, as Fischer and Crosse have done.
Many species have been described only from one or a few examples, and not figured; they have been admitted and handed down from work to work by subse- quent writers, who have themselves described new species, without the possibility of comparing the specimens. As it is rather difficult in this genus to determine the species from description alone, and many of them present considerable individual variations, it is to be feared that several species have been twice or thrice introduced as new, and that the actual number of species is not really so large. I have fortunately been able to compare the typical specimens of Shuttleworth’s species (kindly lent me by Prof. Th. Studer of Berne), some of Pfeiffer’s types (lent me by Dr. H. Dohrn), and drawings of others in the British Museum (kindly furnished by Edgar Smith), with the material of the Berlin Museum, which includes Albers’s and many of Strebel’s types, and with the shells collected by Messrs. Salvin, Godman, and their friends in various parts of Mexico and Central America. ‘This has enabled me to trace many well-charac- terized species through various localities, and to diminish the number of so-called species by reducing some to mere synonyms or subordinate varieties. On the other hand, I have been compelled, somewhat against my wish, to name several new species on single or few specimens; and to admit species proposed by previous authors, without being able to indicate very striking differences. In this genus, as in many others, it seems to be very difficult, or rather impossible, to draw a clear line of distinction between local variations and nearly allied species. Only one who can observe many specimens in various localities, and one who is well acquainted with the minute differences, can hope to settle this question. At all events, I have been able by the help of my friends to figure many—true or pretended—species which have not hitherto been figured, and were therefore scarcely recognizable by the practical conchologist.
The Mexican and Central-American species of this genus may be arranged as
follows :—
A. Pleve: sculpture more distinctly granoso-reticulate; aperture large; sizeratherlarge . . . 2. . . . . . ee. imdusiata, vanuremi, sowerbyana, coulteri, cuneus, aurata.
48 MOLLUSCA.
B. Marginate: elongate; suture marked by a well-limited bandlet ;
size rather large . . . . . . . . . . ss ss . fusiformis, ghiesbreghti, decussata, tenella, cumingi, carmenensis. C. Turrite: elongate ; aperture rather short; size variable. . . liebmanni, audebardi,
isabellina, longula, pinicola, turris, mazatlanica, pseudoturris, anomala, simplex, conularis, excavata, largillierti, multispira, oblonga, bellula. D. Lanceolate : elongate, but the ast whorl more convex; generally intensely coloured . . . . . . . .. Cdanceolata, aurantiaca, decidua. E. Biconice: spire shorter, tapering; last whorl swollen; pale coloured, with distinct varices ; outer margin of the aperture
often angularly produced ; size moderate. . . . . . . cordovana, delicatula, conferta, speciosa, ambigua, ? tortillana. F. Turgide: ovate, apex rather obtuse ; size moderate or small . orizabe, turgida, filosa,
fischeri, sulcifera, albersi, mitriformis, monilifera, obtusa, stigmatica, nana.
G. Difficiles: columella distinctly twisted . . . . . . . . diffcilis.
G. striata and G. plicatula will find their place in the subdivision B, Marginate ; G. truncata may be placed either in C, Turrite, or in F, Turgide, the variety parallela agreeing better with the former, the var. dudlata with the latter.
It must be agreed that these groups run very much one into the other, and that it is very difficult, or almost impossible, to characterize them more precisely, but they will perhaps help somewhat to determine single species.
The peculiar features of the living animal were first described by Say in 1831, the anatomical characters by Raymond and Ad. Schmidt in 1853. The known species were first enumerated as forming a distinct subdivision by Férussac in 1821, and then asa genus by Morelet in 1852; whereas Bolten and Montfort, and even Schumacher himself, founded their genera only on one species, and that an aberrant one (G. glans, Brug.).
The geographical distribution of the genus Glandina is predominantly Central- American, the majority of the species, including the largest; being found there. A few species, nearly allied, inhabit the northern part of South America, one only, G. striata, extending to the southern half of that continent; in the southern states of North America three species are found, G. truncata (with several varieties), G. corneola, and G. texasiana.
The West-Indian Islands have a number of species, which differ more or less consi- derably from the continental ones; they belong to distinct subgenera, as Varicella and Oleacina sensu stricto.
Within the limits of Mexico and Central America they are almost equally numerous and well deveioped on the Atlantic slope of Mexico proper (EK. Mexico) and in Guatemala, the two provinces which have been most diligently and successfully investigated; the species of both these districts are partly the same, partly not very different from one another. G. sowerbyana extends, so far as we know, from the State
GLANDINA. 49
of Vera Cruz into that of Panama. The central plateau of Mexico seems to be essentially poorer in this genus than the rich eastern slope; whereas in Guatemala the northern limestone regions are even richer than the volcanic slopes to the Pacific, and have generally the same species.
Geographical Distribution of the American Continental Species of Glandina.
Southern States of N. America
N.E. Mexico N.W. Mexico
Central Mexico . E. Mexico
S.W.& 8S. Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca,
Tehuantepec)
Chiapas Tabasco Yucatan . Loe N. Guatemala (limestone) .
Central Guatemala (metamorph.) .
S. Guatemala (volc.) Honduras
Salvador .
Central Nicaragua . W. Nicaragua Costa Rica
EK. Panama Colombia .
Venezuela Guiana... Ecuador, E. Per Bolivia
? Brazil . . . . . BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Te
«
truncata (incl. parallela & bullata), (?) vanuxemi, corneola, texasiana.
longula.
liebmanni var. insignis, mazatlanica, excavata, albersi, (2) turris. .
coulteri, liebmanni, audebardi (a), fischeri, sayulana.
vanuxem (incl. var. guttata), sowerbyana, coulteri, tenella, audebardi (a, b, c), longula var. jalapana, (?) filosa, orizabe, lineata, monilifera var. pulcher- rima, ? difficilis, gracilis, cordovana, delicatula, con- ferta, speciosa, ambigua, nana, stigmatica, marga- ritacea, modesta, perpusilla,
indusiata, vanuxemi, sowerbyana, cuneus, liebmanni, cognata, radula, audebardi (a, d), lanceolata, pseudo- turris, simplex, decidua, turgida, multispira, conferta, monilifera.
ghiesbreghti, monilifera, pulchella.
(?) cumingi (a,b).
carmenensis, largilliertt.
sowerbyana, aurata, fusiformis, decussata, cumingi (b), largillierti, monilifera.
aurata, pinicola.
carmenensis, sowerbyana, fusiformis, cumingi (a, b).
cumingt var. rubromarginata, carmenensis.
no species known hitherto.
cumingi var. rosea & var. flavida.
obtusa.
sowerbyana, (?) aurata, cumingi var. rubromarginata, (?) isabellina, (?) largilkerti, aurantiaca, anomala, mitriformis.
sowerbyana.
stiibeli, striata, isabellina (Strebel, nec Pfr.), ornata, lucida, plicatula.
plicatula, subvaricosa.
striata, fulminea.
striata, cylindrus, saccata.
striata.
striata.
rr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 7
MOLLUSCA.
50
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51
GLANDINA.
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MOLLUSCA.
52
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53
GLANDINA.
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54 MOLLUSCA.
A. Plexe.
1. Glandina indusiata. (Tab. II. figg. 1, 1a.) Oleacina indusiata, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 188°; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 79 (1861) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 284°. Glandina indusiata (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 121, t. 6. fig. 14. Glandina truncata, var., Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 6, t. 3. fig. 3 e°.
Hab. CuntTRaAL Mexico: Angangueo in Michoacan, a young specimen (Deppe®). S. Mexico: La Parada in Oaxaca (Sallé1+), Oaxaca (Hoge).
Easily recognizable by its ventricose form and comparatively very feeble sculpture. The relative width of the last whorl is somewhat variable, as will be seen by comparing the two figures.
2. Glandina vanuxemi. (Tab. lI. figg. 2a, 26, 2c.)
Achatina vanuxemensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. p. 84, t. 19. fig. 78 (1832)!; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 294°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 18. fig. 48 °,
Achatina (Glandina) vanuxemensis (Lea), Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 91 *.
Glandina vanucemensis (Lea), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198°; Binney, Terr. air-breathing Moll. U.S. il. p. 299, t. 62. fig. 1°; Binney & Bland, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 15, fig. 4"; Binney, Man. of Am. Land-Shells, p. 347°.
Oleacina vanuxemensis (Lea), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 36°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643 °°.
Glandina vanuxemii, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 226, t. 16. fig. 6"; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 100"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. li. p. 14”.
Achatina coronata, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p. 158%; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 293"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 77,' p. 844, t. 88. figg. 1, 2°.
Glandina coronata (Pfr.), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198‘; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii, p- 10 (1865) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 101"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 13, 14, t. 3. figg. 9, 9a, 6”; iii. pp. 7, 45 (anat.), & t. 11. fig. 3 (radula) **.
Oleacina coronata (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 833”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642”, & vi. p- 282.
Hab. Centran Mexico: Volcan de Mexicalcingo 400 to 500 feet above the plateau (Deppe & Schiede1*); Cuernavaca, Tehuacan (Hége); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Vanuxem 1-4, Liebmann 14 15 16),
S.W. & S. Mexico: Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Oaxaca (Hoge); Juquila,
west of Oaxaca 74,
The Omilteme examples have the spire somewhat more slender and the coloration darker; they reach the large size of long. 100, diam. 42, apert. 58 millim., and show in younger specimens the peculiar coloration of small whitish spots and dark brown short spiral lines in front of them very distinctly.
The species is said to occur also in Texas 7 8 11,
GLANDINA. 55
The spelling “ vanuxemensis ” is incorrect, the species having been named in honour of Prof. Vanuxem, not from a locality.
Most authors have retained G. coronata and G. vanuxemi as distinct species; but Pfeiffer, myself, and Strebel had no specimen of G. vanuxemi, and the American authors not one of G. coronata, for direct comparison. Fischer and Crosse do not appear to have had any additional materials for judging them: they give the absence of white spots in G. coronata and that of brown lines in G. vanuxemi as distinctive characters. But the Berlin Museum has specimens in which both are very distinctly combined, and Binney’s figure ® 7 shows very distinctly the brown lines also in G. vanuxremi.
Var. guttata.
Glandina guttata, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 250 (1869)*; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 102, t. 3. figg. 3, 3a”.
Oleacina guttata (Cr. & Fisch.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 330°.
Hab, Cuntrat Mexico: near Puebla, rare (Boucard 1? °).
8. Glandina sowerbyana. (Tab. Il. figg. 3, 3a, 30, 3c.) Achatina (Glandina) sowerbyana, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1846, p. 32%. Achatina sowerbyana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 292°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina,
t. 8. fig. 26°.
Glandina sowerbyana (Pfr.), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198 (1850) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 98°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 14-16 (Forms A & B), t. 5. figg. 10, 10 a—o*; iii. pp. 7, 34, 50, tabb. 15-20 (observations on the living animal) ; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) "; Angas, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 480 °.
Oleacina sowerbyana (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 33°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent, iv. p. 642".
Glandina lignaria (Reeve), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 97, t. 3. fig. 1"; Angas, P. Z. 8S. 1879, p. 479”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla, San José, San Juan Miahuatlan, and Pacho, near Jalapa (Strebel) ; Jalapa (Hoge); Mirador, State of Vera Cruz 2630 feet above the sea (Strebel); Cerro Necoxtla between Jalapa and Orizaba 3000 to 5000 feet (Botteri °); Orizaba (Bottert **). |
S.W. & S. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Totontepec, State of Oaxaca ? (coll. Cuming | *)
N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Boucard").
CrenTRAL GUATEMALA: Guatemala city (Champion).
E. & W. Costa Rica: only in elevated districts, as high as 6000 feet (Gabd§ ¥); Rio Jesus Maria (cull. Seebach); Caché (Rogers) ; San José (Koschny: figg. 10,
— m-o%; and Biolley). |
Panama: Chiriqui (Ammon ®); Volcan de Chiriqui 3000 feet above the sea (Cham-
pron).
56 MOLLUSCA.
Var. estefanie: minor, gracilior.
Glandina sowerbyana, Form D, Strebel, Beitr. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 17, tabb. 5 & 5a, fig. 11”.
Glandina estefanie, Strebel, |. c. iii. pp. 7, 45 \*.
Hab. E. Mexico: Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla (Strebel 1° 14).
The different variations in shape and size are well figured by Strebel (Joc. cit.). Younger specimens are distinctly more fusiform (fig. 3); but in the adult ones the general form is variable, being more decidedly saccate, 7. e. inflated below; if the suture is more strongly descending near the aperture. I cannot find trustworthy differences between the Mexican and the more southern specimens.
4. Glandina coulteri. (Tab. II. figg. 4, 4a, 4b, 4¢.) Glandina coulteri (Gray), Beck, Index Moll. p. 78, without description (1837) '. Oleacina coulteri (Gray), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. p. 642 (1859) *. Glandina uhdeana, v. Mart. in Monatsb. d. Akad. Berl. 1863, p. 540°; Malak. Blitt. xii. p. 10, t. 1. fig. 1 (1865) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 94°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 11, t. 4. fig. 6, & iii. p. 7% Oleacina uhdeana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 2827. Hab. CentraL Mexico: Zimapan, forty leagues north of Mexico (Rev. D. Davison) ; Puebla (Berkenbusch). KE. Muxico: State of Vera Cruz (Uhde® 7); Jalapa (H. H. Smith).
In my original description? 4 “apert. long. 47” is a misprint for 37 millim., as is clearly shown by the figure; the diameter 254 is measured immediately above the upper end of the aperture, while in our table the diameter is measured on the most ventricose part of the last whorl. The specimen obtained by Mr. H. H. Smith (fig. 4 a) is considerably larger than the type, and somewhat more rudely and unequally striated ; in other respects they are much alike. A still larger specimen from Zimapan, pre- sented to Mr. Abraham Lincoln by Rev. D. Davison, is now in Peel Park Museum; I am indebted to Mr. Sowerby for a coloured drawing of it (fig. 4).
5. Glandina cuneus, sp. n. (Tab. III. figg. 1, 1 a-c, 2, 2a.)
Testa conoideo-oblonga, anguste saccata, costulis confertis et lineis impressis spiralibus sat distantibus sculpta, fulvo-fusca, nitidula, tenuis ; anfr, 6-64, spira sat obesa, apice ipso obtusa, sutura distincte obliqua, leviter crenulata; apertura lanceolata, dimidiam longitudinem plus minusve superans, margine columellari arcuato. (a) Long. 49, diam. 19, apert. long. 29, diam. 12 millim.; (6) Long. 51, diam. 19, apert. long. 27, diam. 124 millim.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Snvith).
I have figured two specimens (figg. 1, 2) because they exhibit remarkable differences in the relative size of the visible part of the upper whorls, the degree of obliquity in the suture, and the breadth of the aperture, the one being somewhat more involute than the other. In all other respects their specific qualities are the same. This is an interesting example of the individual variation in the genus Glandina, which renders the precise distinction of species so difficult and uncertain.
GLANDINA. 57
6. Glandina aurata.
Glandina aurata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 12 (1849) +; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 106, t. 3. figg. 7, 7a; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 480, t. 40. fig. 6 (anim.) *; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) *.
Achatina (Glandina) aurata (Morelet), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iti. p. 517°.
Oleacina aurata (Morelet), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 33°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642".
Achatina lignaria, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 8. fig. 27°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii1. p. 519°.
Oleacina lignaria (Reeve), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 384; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642".
Glandina lignaria (Reeve), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p, 108%; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 647".
- Glandina sowerbyana, Form C, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 17, t. 6a. figg. 12, 12 a-f™.
Glandina, sp., Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad. i. p. 261 (1879); i. p. 81, t.17. fig. BE (1884) (radula) **°.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Woods of Vera Paz (Morelet!); Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt *) ; Vera Paz5 ¢ (Boucard *) ; Coban (Salvin '). Centra, GuatemMaLa: Mountain forest between Tepan and Totonicapam 8000 to 9000 feet above the sea (Stol/).
S.E. Costa Rica (Gadd? 45 16),
Strebel’s G. aurata (op. cit. ii. p. 21, t. 12. figg. 36, 36 a, b), from Ocaiia, Colombia, belongs, I believe, to another species, distinct by the more turrite-cylindrical form, the shorter aperture, the want of the numerous dark brown stripes, and a somewhat weaker sculpture ; a specimen collected by Herr Alf. Stiibel in the Llanos of San Martin appears to be referable to the same species, for which I propose the name G. stiibelt.
The locality for Reeve’s specimen of A. lignaria was unknown °.
B. Marginate.
7. Glandina fusiformis.
Achatina fusiformis, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1845, p. 75"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 292 *; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 9. fig. 831°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 181, t. 187. figg. 1-3 *.
Glandina fusiformis, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 33 (1852) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 103, t. 3. fig. 2a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 26, t. 9. figg. 14, 14a"; v. Mart. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 647°; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) °.
Oleacina fusiformis (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 82"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642 ™.
Var. miltochila: anfr. ultimis stramineis, peristomate miniaceo.
Achatina fusiformis, Reeye, loc. cit. fig. 31 0. Glandina fusiformis, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 104, t. 3. fig. 2.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 8
58 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. N. Guatemaia: Coban, dep. Vera Paz? !° (coll. Cuming}; Delattre ?~*, Salvin 8, Sarg"); Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt*, Boucard®) ; Purula, upper part of the Polochic Valley (Champion).
CENTRAL GUATEMALA: Guatemala city (Champion).
Rather variable in the relations of length and diameter, in the proportion of the last whorl to the whole length, in the size of full-grown specimens, and also in the presence or want of a light rounded angulation in the upper part of the last whorl.
The var. 6 shows in the upper whorls no difference from the type; but the lower whorls are pale yellow instead of reddish-orange (without periostracum white), and the aperture is bordered by a narrow band of bright red. It is chiefly found at Coban, with the type.
G. binneyana (Pfr. op. cit. iv. p. 638), Fischer and Crosse (op. cit. p. 93), and Strebel (op. cit. p. 27), probably belongs to the same species. Pfeiffer’s description and measure- ments agree well with a middle-sized specimen from Coban; he gives no locality, but Fischer and Crosse state that a specimen has been found by Mr. O. Salvin in Vera Paz. I have examined this specimen: it is very worn and belongs no doubt to A. fusiformis. The author’s description, ‘‘parum nitens, carnea,” is very applicable to a somewhat worn example, in which the colour has become more reddish. ‘The spiral lines, which are very fine in well-preserved specimens, having disappeared wholly in worn ones, Dr. Pfeiffer has placed his G. (Oleacina) binneyana in another division “ § 5, longi- tudinaliter striate vel costulate,” far from G. fusiformis, which is in “ § 6, decussate ” ; Strebel is the first who has recognized its close resemblance to G. fusiformis.
The measurements of not quite full-grown specimens are :—
Long. 70, diam. 31, apert. 45 millim. » 98, , 293, ,, 40 ,, 8. Glandina ghiesbreghti. Achatina (Oleacina) ghiesbreghti, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 379’. Oleacina ghiesbreghti, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. itl. p. 2385 (1850) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 644°.
Glandina ghiesbreghti (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 264; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 39, t. 10. figg. 31 a-e’.
Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght ~*).
Very distinct by the angular swelling in the upper part of the last whorl, and its considerable attenuation below. Mather solid.
9. Glandina decussata. Achatina decussata, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 182, t. 123. figg. 3, 4, & t. 184. figg. 33-35 '; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 519. Glandina decussata (Desh.), Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 186°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 112 (part.) “; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 84, t. 10. figg. 22, 22a-f°.
GLANDINA. 59
Oleacina decussata (Desh.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 87°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 6447. Glandina ghiesbreghti, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 105 (part.) °.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt*); Coban (Sarg); Senahu and Panzos, in the upper part of the Polochic valley (Champion, Conradt); Guatemala
(Salvin 8).
Having before me ‘Tristram’s specimens of G. ghiesbreghti®, collected by Mr. O. Salvin, I can state that it is not the G. ghiesbreghti of the German authors, but G. decussata; and Fischer and Crosse’s (. ghiesbreghti is probably the same species, as they say, “le dernier tour est arrondi et nullement subanguleux.”
A nearly allied form from Mirador, Vera Cruz, is noticed under the name of G. decussata, var., by Strebel, op. cit. p. 35, t. 10. figg. 22 g-227; but in his figures the pillar-lip does not show the usual characteristic shape, and I hesitate to include this form in G. decussata. Perhaps it may be the full-grown state of the following
species.
10. Glandina tenella. Glandina ghiesbreghti, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 105, t. 3. figeg. 6, 6a’. Glandina tenella, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 35, t. 10. figg. 24, 24 a-d’. Hab. E. Muxico: Vera Cruz, in the so-called “ Callejones” (galleries) in the first woods, 4-1 hour from the city, on shrubs (Strebel?) ; near Vera Cruz (Hodge).
S. Mexico (Sallé+).
Strebel’s and Fischer and Crosse’s specimens seem to be not quite full-grown.
11. Glandina cumingi. (Tab. IV. fig. 7, var.) Glandina cumingii, Beck, Index Moll. p. 78 (1837), (a, lutea; 6, fulvescens; c, rufo-rosea) *. Glandina petiti (Desh.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 40-43 *.
a: fulvo-rosea.
Achatina rosea (Fér., Gray), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 294 (part.) ° ; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 55, p. 330, t. 27. figg. 6, 7 *.
Glandina rosea (Fér.), Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. i. p. 133, t. 1. fig. 1°; Albers, Die Helic. p. 198 (1850) °, & ed. 2, pp. 26, 287; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 108, t. 71. fig. 2a°; Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 158 (1870)°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 107 (part.)*°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 42, t. 8. figg. 28, 28.4, 6, t. 12. figg. 27 f-h, & figg. 28f-h"; Binney & Bland, in Am. Journ. Conch. vi. p. 202, fig. 1 (radula) '*; Ann. N. Y. Acad. iii. p. 81, t. 17. fig. B (radula) ».
b: flavida. (Fig. 7.) Achatina rosea, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 294".
Achatina petiti, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ul. p. 175, t. 122. figg. 12-14 8*
60 MOLLUSCA.
(about 1850) *; Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 42, t. 1. fig. 5°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 518”.
Glandina petiti (Desh.), Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 37°; v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, pp. 26, 28"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. t. 8. figg. 27, 27 a-e, t. 13. figg. 27 7, 287”.
Oleacina petiti, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 36”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643 ”.
c: rubromarginata,
Achatina rosea, var. y, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 294”.
Glandina petiti, Form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 48, t. 8. figg. 29, 29 a, b*.
Hab. S.E. Muxico: Teapa, State of Tabasco (H. H. Smith; Forms a and 6); Mexico, without precise locality (Hége).
N. Guatemala: Chacoj in the Polochic Valley (Champion ; Form 8).
S. GUATEMALA: Retalhuleu in the Costa Grande, 710 feet above the sea (Stoll ; Form 6); El Reposo 800 feet (Champion; Form 6); Hacienda de San Francisco Miramar, Costa Cuca 2500 feet, and Cholluitz on the slope of the Volcan de Santa Maria, 2000 feet (Stol/; Form a).
Honpuras (Dyson *3; Form c).
Nicaragua (McMiel 3, Bland 1°, Janson, Berendt ‘1; Form a); on the north of the Lake (Deshayes ; Form 6); throughout the savana region, under the leaves of Bromelia pinguis, at Granada on the N.W. side of the Lake, Mesapa, San Ubaldo, &c. (Tate® ; Form a); vicinity of Lake Nicaragua 1! 21,
Costa Rica: San José (Koschny 4; Form c).
Panama (Paz 10).
This species is also quoted from Mexico by some authors, but without nearer indication of locality or collector: Fischer and Crosse are probably right in limiting this statement to the southernmost provinces.
By Pfeiffer and Fischer and Crosse, a length of 60 millim. is given to this species, according to the figures in Férussac (t. 136. figg. 8, 9) and Reeve (fig. 46a); but I have never seen a specimen so large in size.
Helix rosea, Férussac (Prodrom. no. 356), is, according to the locality (Florida) and two of the three synonyms, conspecific with the North-American G. truncata (Gmel.), which is represented by the figures left by Férussac on t. 135. fig. 3.
G. alabastrina [ Albers, in Malak. Blatt. i. p. 220 (1852); Pfr. Novitat. i. p. 43, t. 11. figg. 5, 6 (Achatina); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 638 and vi. p. 278 (Oleacina) ; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 120; and Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch. ii. p. 38, t. 9a. figg. 82, 32.4, 6], based on one specimen, from Central America, long. 31, diam. 22, apert. 23 millim., is probably an unusually large and solid, but quite discoloured specimen of G. cumingi. Another specimen, from Tabasco [Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 278: Strebel, op. cit. p. 39, t. 9. figg. 82 c-82¢], and
GLANDINA. . 61
Strebel’s G. alabastrina, Form B [op. cit. p. 89, t. 9. figg. 32-32], most likely also belong to the same species. An allied form is found in Texas; it is G. corneola, Binney, Terr. Moll. of N. Am. iv. p. 139 (1859) [= G. truncata, var., Binney, op. cit. 111. p. 302, t. 61. fig. 1; G. decussata, Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 18, fig. 8, and Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 227, t. 16. fig. 7; Oleacina corneola, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 283]. In Tryon’s figure (all three are copies of the same drawing) the characteristic form of the pillar-lip is wanting ; I have seen no specimens from this locality.
12. Glandina carmenensis.
Glandina carminensis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 15 (1849)1; Journ. de Conch. iii. pp. 36, 42, t. 1. figg. 1-4 (living animal)? (copied in H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 71. fig. 2) ; Tristr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 230°* ; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) *.
Glandina carmenensis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 109°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 37, t. 9. figg. 23, 23 a-d, h,i (Form A)°; Ancey, Annal, de Malac. ii. p. 257 (1886) *.
Achatina carminensis, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 187. figg. 11, 12°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 13. fig. 46 6 (A. rosea) °*.
Oleacina carminensis, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 36°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 644".
Hab. Yucatan: Island of Carmen, in the Bay of Terminos, Gulf of Campeche, on
sandy soil (Morelet 125). S. GuaremaLa: Cerro Zunil, near Quezaltenango (Champion); Guatemala (Salvin °, Boucard *). Honpuras: Island of Utila, Bay of Honduras (Simpson ").
Intermediate between G. decussata and G. petiti; distinct from the former by the straight pillar-lip, and from the latter by the more slender form; some specimens, however, do not show these characters so clearly.
According to M. L. de Folin (Fischer & Crosse, op. cit. p. 110°), a yellow-coloured variety lives together with the type on the same islet, Carmen; see also Férussac, op. cit. figg. 11,12. Pfeiffer 1! gives the habitat ‘‘ Mexico (Sad/é).”
C. Turrite.
13. Glandina liebmanni. (Tab. III. figg. 3, 4.) Achatina liebmanni, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p.159*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 293°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, p. 294, t. 23. figg. 4, 5°. Glandina liebmanni (Pfr.), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198 (1850) *; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xu. p. 11 (1865) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 119°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. pp. 9-11, t. 4. figg. 5, 5a—/"; iii. pp. 7, 46, t. 12. fig. 2°.
* Tristram *® erroneously states that this shell was “‘ described by Morelet from Costa Rica.”
62 MOLLUSCA.
Oleacina liebmanni (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 34°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643”. Achatina striata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 6. fig. 19 (nec Miiller) *. Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: near the city of Mexico (Hahn"); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 91! (Liebmann!?%°, Uhde*®, Hoge). S.W. Mexico: Chilpancingo, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
Var. insignis.
Achatina insignis, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1855, p. 100, t. 81. figg. 11, 12%; Novit. Conch. i. p. 63, t. 18. figg. 38,4.
Oleacina insignis, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643 '*. .
Glandina insignis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 110, t. 6. figg. 2,2a™; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 11 ™.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: San Blas, State of Jalisco 16; Tepic (Richardson).
Pfeiffer 12-14 did not know the habitat of the form insignis. A nearly allied, but more ventricose form, 67, 29, 31 millim., the locality of which is unknown, is repre- sented by Chemnitz (Buccinum striatum, part.), Conch. Cab. ix. t. 120, figg. 1028, 1029 (copied in ed. 2, Achatina, t. 8. figg. 38, 4, under the name of A. liebmanni); it approaches the above-quoted figure of Reeve 11.
G. cognata, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 12, t. 4. fig. 7 (Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vill. p. 332), from Tehuantepec, seems to be intermediate between G. liebmanni and G. audebardi, having the more broad and solid shell of the former, but the weak sculpture of the latter. G. radula, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 13, t. 3. fig. 8 (Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 333), also from Tehuantepec, may be a dwarf form of G. lebmanni.
Achatina marminii, Deshayes, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1831, t. 19 (copied in Martini & Chemnitz, ed. 2, Achatina, t. 3. fig. 2; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 288), locality unknown, is possibly a not full-grown specimen of G. liebmanni.
G. nympha, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 115, t. 6. fig. 9 ““ Mexico (Sallé),” without nearer indication of locality, is founded on a large bleached specimen (long. 60, diam. 233, apert. 29 millim.) which bears a considerable resemblance to G. liebmanni, only its columella seems to be more arcuate.
14. Glandina audebardi. (Tab. III. figg. 5-8.) Glandina audebardi (Deshayes), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 30-33 °*.
a. typica. (Figg. 5, 5a, 6, 6a.)
Helix rosea, var. elongata, Férussac, Prodr. no. 8567; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 135. figg. 1, 2 (about 1829) °,
Achatina daudebarti, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 183 (about 1850) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 519°.
Glandina daudebarti (Deshayes), Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 86°,
GLANDINA. 63
Glandina audebardi (Deshayes, emend.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 1187; Strebel, loc. cit. ii. t. 11. figg. 19 ce, d’.
Oleacina daudebarti, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 37°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 645 °°.
Glandina amena, var. 8 pliculosa, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 114”.
b. amena. (Figg. 7, 7a.)
Glandina amena, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 12, t. 1. figg. 8, 9 (1865) ’; Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 114; Strebel, loc. cit. 11. p. 34, t. 11. fig. 4 (radula), & t. 13. fig. 9".
Oleacina amena (v. Mart.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 283”.
Glandina audebardi, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 118 *°.
Glandina audebardi, Form A (part.), Strebel, loc. cit. 11. p. 30, t. 11. figg. 19, 19 a, b, e-h, m,n”.
c. miradorensis.
Glandina audebardi, Form B, Strebel, loc. cit. ii. p. 33, t. 11. figg. 20, 20a, 6”. Glandina miradorensis, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. pp. 7, 33, t. 9. fig. 14 (juv.) *.
d. mtnor: isabellina, solidula, long. 31 millim. (Fig. 8.)
Hab. Eastern Mexico: Forms a and /—in the plains of the State of Vera Cruz, on meadows and at the roots of Agave in the environs of Vera Cruz (Strebel and Berendt §*") ; Form a—Chiquihuitl, State of Vera Cruz (Boucard '!); Form 6— Vera Cruz, Jalapa, and Cordova (Hége) ; Form c—in the more elevated regions at Mirador, 2630 feet above the sea (Stredel and Sartorius 18 1°); and Tejeria (Hoge).
CentraL Mexico: Form a—Chietla, State of Puebla (Boucard"'); Mexico, on Yucca jfilamentosa, young specimens (Deppe, in Mus. Berol.); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (4dge).
S.W. & S. Mexico: Form a (fig. 6)—Venta de Zopilote 2800 feet, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Form d—Tehuantepec ({ége).
The statement “ America centralis” given by Deshayes+ is not confirmed by any later observation.
The typical form, a, is characterized by a rather long and attenuated spire; form 4, amena, is similar in the body-whorl, but the spire, and therefore the whole shell, is shorter ; form ¢, miradorensis, has the shell thin and of a translucent yellowish colour, not whitish as in the forms a and 0; form d, minor, is the smallest, but has the shell solid, of isabelline colour. |
15. Glandina isabellina. Achatina (Glandina) isabellina, Pfr. P.Z. S. 1846, p. 32’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 286%. Achatina isabellina, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vA, Achatina, t. 21. fig. 95°. Glandina isabellina (Pfr.), Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 36°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient.